Yini iqondiswa Stalin Prize? Stalin uMklomelo KaNobel

izakhamuzi zaseSoviet, ngubani baphumelele oluvelele kunoma yimuphi umkhakha womsebenzi, bakhuthazwa umklomelo main wezwe. Stalin Prize wathembela labo kakhulu ngcono izindlela zokukhiqiza, kanye Abadali kwezinkolelo-mbono zesayensi, ubuchwepheshe, izibonelo ezivelele yobuciko (izincwadi, imidlalo yaseshashalazini, cinema, imidwebo, aqoshiwe, ubungcweti).

iosif Stalin

Kube umklomelo yaqanjwa umholi iminyaka eyishumi nantathu - kusukela ngo-1940 kwaze kwaba ngo-1953, futhi kwamiswa kancane ngaphambili - ngoDisemba 1939. Stalin Prize akazange iskhwama isimo, ababethole zixhaswe by I. V Stalina emholweni wakhe siqu, okwakubekelwa ngokuvumelana isimo omkhulu - izikhundla zawo ezimbili ikhokhwe ruble ayizigidi eziyishumi ngenyanga.

Foundation Prize futhi babe nezimali kushicilelwa izincwadi umholi eU.SSR phesheya, ephinde ibe eziningi futhi ukukhokhelwa ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona kunalokho enkulu (Alexey UTolstoy waze waba usozigidi lokuqala WaseSoviet). Stalin Prize bangiphuca imali eningi, cishe yonke. Yingakho ngemva kokufa umholi walo ncwadi ukonga wahlala isamba ngalelo nani eliwubala - ruble ayisishiyagalolunye namashumi, kuyilapho isilinganiso somholo of izisebenzi zivame idlule anamakhulu asixhenxe.

indaba

Ngo-1939, ngo-December, kwathiwa ngokusemthethweni kugujwa iminyaka engu-sixtieth ngumholi, futhi behlonipha lo mcimbi kwakukhona umklomelo egameni lakhe. Ngo-February 1940, kakade-CPC wanquma ukusungula ama-ruble ayizigidi ezingamakhulu Prize (idigri 1st), izinkulungwane ezingamatshumi amahlanu (idigri 2nd), futhi ruble ngamashumi amabini anamahlanu amawaka (Grade 3) for the best imisebenzi ebhaliwe (temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba, tinkondlo, umdlalo, kwemibhalo) kanye nentuthuko nezinye izindawo yobuciko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i yonyaka umklomelo amamaki izibalo abenze umnikelo ekhethekile isayensi, isiko, ubuchwepheshe kanye nenhlangano ukukhiqizwa.

Ngo-1941 Stalin Prize wanikwa abawinile we yokuqala. Kwerekhodi inombolo yaklonyeliswa Stalin Prize waba SV Ilyushin, indiza abadumile, kasikhombisa buboniswa ngokuba ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ka umholi. Izikhathi eziyisithupha wathola umklomelo abenzi mafilimu Yu. A. Rayzman futhi I. A. Pyrev umbhali K. Simonov, izindiza umklami A. S. Yakovlev, umqambi S. S. Prokofev nabanye. Umlingisikazi Marina Ladynina futhi Alla Tarasova baba emihlanu-isikhathi owawina Stalin Prize.

isikhungo

Stalin Prize wase-USSR (ekuqaleni ngokuthi lo Stalin Prize) lasungulwa iziqondiso ezimbili. Twentieth December 1939 Yabantu Commissars yakhipha lesi sinqumo: eyishumi nesithupha imiklomelo yaminyaka yonke Stalin (ayizinkulungwane 100) umklomelo wezeSayensi Art umsebenzi esele ku izindawo: lobuchwepheshe, ngokomzimba futhi zezibalo, begazi, amakhemikhali, ezempilo, ezolimo, ezomnotho, zefilosofi, zomthetho kanye Isayensi zomlando philological, imidwebo, umculo, ebaziwe, imidlalo yaseshashalazini, kwezobuciko, ukuklanywa kwezakhiwo, ebhayisikobho.

Kwamiswa njengoba eziyishumi imiklomelo bezinga lokuqala, amabili - yesibili amathathu - degree sesithathu kokusungulwa engcono, plus ezintathu indondo yokuqala degree, emihlanu - futhi eziyishumi yesibili - yesithathu degree ngoba ezifezwayo emkhakheni wolwazi lempi. Isinqumo ehlukile ku abalobi, okuyinto ukhishwa minyaka yonke Stalin Prize, senziwa ngo-February 1940, futhi Kwavezwa ukuthi umklomelo abawinile amane lokuqala ukuthembela kuzo zonke hlobo lomsebenzi etemibhalo: temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba, izinkondlo, kwemibhalo, idrama.

izinguquko

Usayizi Stalin Prize ngo ruble futhi inani ababethole iye yashintsha kaningi, futhi ungalokothi ukuze wehlise, ngakolunye uhlangothi - esikhundleni esisodwa owawina ngezinga lokuqala, isibonelo, ngo-1940 kwaba emithathu esigabeni ngasinye. Ngo-1942 Prize (idigri yokuqala) likhule laba ngu-ruble ayizigidi ezingamakhulu amabili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i entsha ngo-1949 - International "Ukuze eqinisa ukuthula phakathi kwezizwe." Distributes premium ngqo-CPC, lapho okukhethekile amakomiti amabili kwadaleka eyodwa wasebenza ukunikezwa imiklomelo kwezesayensi, ulwazi ezempi kanye ezisunguliwe, kanti eyesibili wahlanganyela izincwadi nezobuciko.

Okokuqala waphawula imisebenzi emisha kuphela seziqedile unyaka ngamunye. Abafakizicelo uzoqedela umsebenzi wabo esikhathini ngemva phakathi Okthoba, zawa izinhlu ngonyaka olandelayo. Khona-ke imigomo zayo zishintshwe, futhi abawinile kungaba abantu abaye wathola umklomelo umsebenzi kulezi zinyanga eziyisithupha noma eziyisikhombisa iminyaka. Ngakho, umklomelo ukhishwa Stalin ngokwabo ezimweni ezikahle. ubufakazi eminingi ibonisa ukuthi Stalin wadlala indima oqondile ekusakazeni imiklomelo ngegama lakhe siqu (futhi izimali zabo), ngezinye izikhathi kwenziwa isinqumo cishe owodwa handedly.

ukuqedwa

Ngemva kokufa kukaStalin, intando ayitholakali, ngakho izimali ukushicilelwa ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa ukukhuthaza abawinile. Ngemva 1954 Stalin Prize abasekho. Kwabe sekufika umkhankaso elidumile wokuqeda ukukhulekelwa umholi.

Ngo-1956, i-Lenin Prize yasungulwa, owathatha phezu uStalin. Stalin uMklomelo KaNobel emva 1966 ushintshe diploma amabheji zokuhlonipha. Kwalona nje igama elithi ishintshile kulo methodically, encyclopedia izincwadi Stalin yaziwa ngokuthi i-USSR State Prize. Ulwazi mayelana abawinile ukuthi bakhungatheka futhi dosed.

ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla

Kube esiyisipesheli sokuqala we-CPC ku ukusatshalaliswa ngokulingana umklomelo phakathi abahlanganyeli amaningana ke waklonyeliswa okuyiwona. Uma ukhishwa umklomelo abantu ababili (co-abalobi), isamba lahlukaniswa ngokulinganayo. On ukusatshalaliswa ezintathu kwakuhlukile: inhloko wayethola ingxenye futhi abadlali ababili - kwezingxenye ezintathu kwezine zobukhulu isamba. Uma abantu babebaningi, umphathi ithola yesithathu, kanti bonke abanye ihlukaniseke ngokulinganayo kuleli qembu.

Owinile lokuqala Stalin Prize ngo-Physics - P. L. Kapitsa, izibalo - A. N. Kolmogorov, biology - T. D. Lysenko, kwezokwelapha - A. A. Bogomolets, VP filatov, NN Burdenko ngoba komhlaba - V A. Obruchev, waphawula ngoba kokusungulwa, gunsmith eyaziwa V A. Degtyarov, ku aviakonstruirovaniyu - SA Lavochkin, for Umdwebo - AM Gerasimov, ebaziwe - V I. Muhina.

UMklami ka metro station "Kiev" futhi "I-Komsomolskaya" wezakhiwo D. Chechulin lase futhi yaklonyeliswa Stalin Prize. AN UTolstoy ngiyitholile ibhuku "uPeter Omkhulu", M. A. Sholohov - I-noveli "Futhi epholile Flows Don", njengoba wemidlalo NF Pogodin laligujwa ngemva ukukhiqizwa play "Le ndoda esiphethe isibhamu."

Njengoba imisebenzi okuxoxwe

Scientific umsebenzi ishede okuxoxwe ngaphambilini nge ukubandakanywa okukhethekile ososayensi efanele, uchwepheshe ikhomishini odokotela ngisho lonke nezikhungo ngokwesayensi-zocwaningo. Khona-ke balinganisela, ephelele kakhulu futhi olunzulu ukunqunywa umusho esikhethekile Yabantu Commissars wase-USSR.

Uma kudingekile, abameleli ucwaningo nezikhungo nezinhlangano ososayensi emihlanganweni iKomidi. Izinqumo zenziwa ukuvota balloting imfihlo.

ibheji Ukuhlonishwa

Prize ngasinye ngemva kokwamukela indondo abe isikhundla ezifanele futhi zokuhlonipha uphawu Stalin Prize, okuye kwadingeka ukuthi ezigugile ohlangothini lwesokudla eduze Order. It sasenziwe ngesiliva ngesimo a okusaqanda ayizindunduma ne koqweqwe lwawo white futhi Umncele umfire phansi igolide. Enamel ukuboniswa kwelanga - imisebe segolide, engibukhulumile ngaso phezulu shining inkanyezi koqweqwe lwawo ebomvu nge usebe igolide. Umbhalo e izinhlamvu zegolide ukufunda: "UStalin wathambisa isandla uMklomelo KaNobel".

Phezulu okusaqanda anezinhlaka iribhoni lukathayela of koqweqwe lwawo blue ne imiphetho gilt, lapho kwakulotshwe "USSR". Isiliva ipuleti zegolide, lapho ngokusebenzisa iso esiyingini ngahlanganyela uphawu zokuhlonipha, labhalwa futhi bekubonakala ebekwe zesi-Arabhu noMklomelo woNyaka. Ukushicilelwa e nabezindaba mayelana abawinile Ngokuhamba kwalo nyaka, njalo uvele ngezi-21 December - usuku lokuzalwa I. V Stalina.

impi

Eminyakeni abesabekayo impi, le ndondo okusezingeni eliphezulu naye zihlukaniswa ngokwabo njengoba ongqondongqondo ukusebenza njengoba kunanini ngaphambili - e ekuqhumeni enamandla ngokusuka yokushisekela izwe futhi buye baqhubeka bukhona. ososayensi Soviet, izinto, abaqambi babazi ukuthi manje umsebenzi wabo ezweni kudingeka okungaphezu ngesikhathi ukuthula. Ngisho ngo-1941 lwaveza impumelelo enkulu nezazi cishe zonke izici zokuphila.

Umkhakha waba kabusha nokuwumisa impi, ukuze sandise izinsiza impahla eluhlaza, umthamo umkhiqizo wawanda. Stalin Prize bezinga lokuqala waklonyeliswa iqembu lezifundiswa eholwa nguMengameli wase-USSR V L. Komarova, ngubani lubonisa ithuthukiswe indlela yentuthuko yezimboni Urals - black yokusansimbi, amandla, zokwakha kanye nakho konke okunye. Umphumela uye waba ukwanda okukhulu ukwenziwa zonke izinhlobo izimboni.

Iningi labantu bebenza ND Zelinsky ngoba amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo ukuzivikela. Yena wahlonishwa le ndondo. UProfesa MV Keldysh futhi Akhethwe of Technical Sciences E. Grossman wayesebenzela Soviet izindiza design: ithuthukiswe imfundiso yokuziphendukela kunyakaza nokunwebeka bese beveza indlela izibalo izindiza flutter, zona baklonyeliswa Stalin Prize idigri 2nd.

Dmitri Shostakovich

Esele amandla okudala umqambi phambi esiphuthumayo wabhala abadumile yakhe "Seventh Symphony" e-Leningrad ovinjezelwe. Lo msebenzi ngokushesha waba yengcebo umculo emhlabeni. Ukunqoba nobuntu, ukuzimisela ukulwa kuze kube sekufeni namabutho amnyama, iqiniso obungantengantengi uThandeka kuzo zonke inothi, baqashelwa emhlabeni wonke kanye qha kwenela. Ngo-1942, lo msebenzi kwasho Stalin Prize bezinga lokuqala.

Dmitri Shostakovich - ngisho kathathu owawina Stalin Prize ngaphezu lokuqala: ngokuba Trio omkhulu 1946 - Prize bezinga lokuqala, bese - isihloko Umculi Yabantu we RSFSR, ngo-1950, baklonyeliswa Stalin Prize besigaba sesibili ka Oratorio wakhe "INgoma Amahlathi" emavesini Dolmatovski futhi umculo befilimu "Ukuwa Berlin". Ngo-1952 wathola esinye Stalin Prize besigaba sesibili for suite for choir.

Faina Ranevskaya

Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi esebenza eyintandokazi omphakathi, ayizange ukudlalwa ibhayisikobho noma lokudlala indima yomuntu ovelele. Lona umdlali waseshashalazini abanamakhono kakhulu. Stalin Prize yena kokuthola nanoma yiziphi kathathu: kabili besigaba sesibili futhi esisodwa - eyesithathu.

Ngo-1949 - I-indima unkosikazi Losev e "uMthetho Ukuhlonishwa" Stein (eMoscow Drama Theatre), ngo-1951 - I-indima Agrippina e 'Breaking Dawn phezu eMoscow "Suvorov (enkundleni yemidlalo yase-okufanayo), ngonyaka ofanayo - I-indima Frau Wurst "banayo sesabelo" esithombeni sebhayisikobho ekhuluma. Ngomqondo onabile, iyiphi indima eyenziwa Faina, angase ukhishwa lolu dumo kusukela zabuna cinema Soviet ingxenye enkulu wadala futhi lokhu actress, owawina Stalin Prize. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwalo ibeyinhle, futhi manje cishe akekho, ungoyedwa ongazazi igama lakhe.