Izizathu KwamaBolshevik ukunqoba kulwiwa: i prehistory we impi kanye nokulahlekelwa empini

Iminyaka eminingi, izazimlando ziye wazama nokuphimisela izizathu KwamaBolshevik ukunqoba kulwiwa. Ukuhlola yezindaba zemihla leyo minyaka zihlukahlukene kuye kakhulu eminyakeni yobudala.

amandla eyodwa

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi "red" futhi "simhlophe" kwakuwukuthi amaKhomanisi kusukela kuqala impi bakwazi ukusungula igunya central, okuyinto ilawulwe yoke imikhawulo unqotshwe kuzo. AmaBolshevik bakwazi ukuyokudla Petrograd naseMoscow. Ezandleni zabo kwakuwukuphela kwamadolobha elikhulu ezweni.

"White" is ayikaze inhlangano esinobunye. Phakathi nezitha amaKhomanisi babe abaholi ambalwa (isib, Denikin, Kolchak). Bonke isinyathelo ezindaweni ezahlukene ku engekho okucacile futhi ngaphandle ukuzibekela umgomo ezivamile. Ezicini eziningi ukwahlukana ombangela KwamaBolshevik ukunqoba kulwiwa.

Awujabuli Lenin neqembu lakhe ibingamashumi lwemibono leyehlukene ngokuphelele zezombusazwe. Phakathi "amhlophe" babe monarchists futhi Republican, isizwe kanye Imperials. Ukuphikisana futhi umehluko ngemibono kaningi zizalwa zingazange banikezwe abaholi yokuhlanganisa imizamo yabo ekulweni "red". Ngakho, izizathu KwamaBolshevik ukunqoba kulwiwa awazange kwaphela izinzuzo zabo, kanye nokushiyeka abaphikisi babo.

inkulumo-ze okunekhono

"White" babe bagqugquzela ezimbi. umsebenzi ngemibono nge ibutho labantu kulezi zindawo yanqoba kwenziwa ngandlela-thile. Kuphela nalaba baphikisi sikhathi amaKhomanisi wayekwazi ukubaluleka ukuyaluza, kodwa ekupheleni kwempi bekulokhu sethubeni elihle ezandleni abalandeli kukaLenin.

Ngokuvamile ezithile amabutho walala emahlombe amaphoyisa yempi tsarist. Yiqiniso, babengakwazi ngempela ilungele abantu abazokwenza umsebenzi onjalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo izizathu KwamaBolshevik ukunqoba kulwiwa, njengoba ikhono lazo ukuhlela inkulumo-ze ngempumelelo iqondiswe ekulweni nesitha. Lokhu akusona isimanga, ngoba lonke ubuholi beqembu kwadingeka imfundo yekhethelo, futhi zigqokiswe ezindabeni ngemibono.

Ubuholi Soviet kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala kakhulu ngemva eza namandla, kube khona uhlelo olucacile Lezinyathelo kugucuka wezwe wakusasa. Uma kwenziwe October kombuso, wayekade ekhishwe Isinqumo edumile Land futhi emhlabeni, okuyinto ikhuphukile ukuthandwa "red" kusukela kubantukazana oscillating namasosha.

Abaholi "amhlophe" ukunyakaza, njengoba umthetho, zithole imfundo wezempi. Kwakumelwe ojenene ezinhle, kodwa walahlekelwa enkulumweni ngekusasa Russia. Revolutions phambi Izicukuthwane wangaphambili, owahlwanyela ukwesaba nokudideka ezingqondweni labamelene kwababusi "red". Ngo ukungaqiniseki yabo futhi izimbangela ezifihliwe KwamaBolshevik ukunqoba kulwiwa. Kafushane, izenzo ukuguquguquka kanye nezinqumo zesigungu ojenene "amhlophe" negate yonke impumelelo abo ezempi.

Isiyalo ebuthweni

Zombili izinhlangothi wahlushwa desertions. Abantu babaleka ibutho ngoba yalezi zimo ezimbi, inhlangano nokuwubuwula, ukubusa isikhulu nokunye. D.

Lapho ibutho Denikin kwakufinyelela impumelelo esiphezulu ngaphambili, wayesenguFakazi emaphethelweni eMoscow. Kwakuthinta ngalesi sikhathi zazithonya Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu kwamaBolshevik ukunqoba kulwiwa. Moscow wanquma akusebenzise ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu ngokumelene ababehlubukele futhi vacillating. Futhi kwaqina requisitioning emaphandleni. AmaBolshevik awazange kubhekwe izisulu ngendlela yokufinyelela imigomo yabo. Ngenxa yalokho, lo muzi wawakhiwe ezibhuqiwe (lapho indlala), kodwa ibutho yayiqhubeka ithola isabelo nezinye izinto zokusebenza. Isiyalo emabuthweni ahlomile futhi anda, okuvumela ukuba aqondise amabutho ngoba buhlungu juqu kuya "amhlophe".

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Armed Forces of South Russia wahlupheka kusukela engabandlululi ukunyakaza "green" engamalungu amaqembu ezigebengu. "White" akakwazi ukuze lizuze abantu yonke abantukazana, ngenxa yokuthi uhlelo izwe lawo-sokudlulisela bakule ndawo okulahlekile. Denikin kwadingeka beat emizaneni nasemadolobheni ukuthi sezivele ezazihlupha kakhulu yimpi. I esidabukisayo komnotho kanye phansi sabantu Lisho ukulinyazwa ohulumeni "amhlophe".

Ngenxa defections abaphikisi Communist kwadingeka ukuba athole amayunithi entsha iRed Army iziboshwa. Lezi amaqembu ahlomile babe ukulimala okukhulu kakhulu kunokuba kusize. Base beshesha bamuka ezitheni zawo, balimaze, wabaleka emphini, nokunye. D.

Ukunqaba oda bobukhosi

Ngo-Soviet historiography isizathu KwamaBolshevik ukunqoba neMpi, Yombango Omphakathi pereodizatsiya indaba yakhe banikezwe izincwadi ngohlaka eqinile nakho ngeke kusize kakhulu ngemibono. Wagcizelela yokuzondwa "amhlophe" yesigaba sabasebenzi ezisemadolobheni, ongazange afune ukubuyela oludala.

Ngempela, mpendulo populist we Khomanisi indawo okuvela kuyo ipharadesi sezenhlalo lasetshenziswa abantu abampofu kuleli zwe Sinemandla ngaphandle zikhuthazo evilaphayo izikhulu tsarist. Esikhathini "red" inkulumo-ze "amhlophe" babe nokuxhaphaza, kulandele ezicukuthwaneni nezinye capitalists ezidwengulayo, abasebenzi engathandwa. Sabasebenzi Kunenkolelo yokuthi ngemuva kokumiswa amandla Soviet kuleli zwe uzoqala inkathi entsha yokuchuma Bani ezibulala ngomsebenzi ezivamile izitshalo.

Umzabalazo nge onxiwankulu

Cishe akukho muntu ke (ngisho ku ubuholi beqembu) Kulindeleke ukuthi uzoguqula ukudalwa eSoviet Union. Izizathu KwamaBolshevik ukunqoba kulwiwa, ngamafuphi, kakhulu amanga besekela abantukazana emva kusungulwa Isinqumo ku Land. Nokho, akekho noyedwa umuntu kulelo dolobhana, uJobe wayengazi ukuthi ngemva kokumiswa amandla Soviet ayoqeda ka kokugqilazwa njengoba ukudalwa amapulazi esiwenza amafomu ugliest.

Imibono yamaKhomanisi Kusolwa ukuthi kubalulekile ukubhubhisa ukuxhashazwa zobungxiwankulu abasebenzi. Ngemva kulwiwa, onxiwankulu ngempela seziphelile ebusweni yezwe. Kodwa esikhundleni isimo exploiter ke obudala ehlelekile ngawakhamela bonke juice aphume abantukazana futhi isigaba sabasebenzi. Phakathi nempi, iziqubulo elikhulu yobulungiswa kezokuhlalisana bebelokhu ephumelela kakhulu labantu liyahlupheka futhi impi akhathazwe.

Izindlalifa inguquko yokuqala

Ukuze sabasebenzi eziningi kwaba revolution sikhunjulwe 1905. Kwakuwusuku phambili impi yombango eRussia. Izizathu yokunqoba amaBolshevik walala yokuthi basekela abantu abathintekayo nokubacindezela tsarist, wahlela iminyaka eyishumi ngaphambi kokuba. Ngokucace bagqugquzela futhi uyakhumbula isiqephu ngeSonto Bloody, lapho Petersburg wadutshulwa ithimba lezisebenzi ohamba sicelosikhalo kuya Tsar.

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi izimbangela KwamaBolshevik ukunqoba kulwiwa, kubuye kube okwanele kokukhumbula isici Okokuqala Umhlaba. "White" uhulumeni (kanye noHulumeni wesiKhashana 1917) njalo wasekela Entente nasempini yokulwa eJalimane. Isiqubulo "impi kuze kube sekupheleni ebabayo" kwaba amanikiniki ebomvu amasosha sikhathele siyingcuba.

Lenin neqembu lakhe ashaqe isikhathi banner. Izingxoxo eJalimane, yaphela lapho kusayinwa we Brest ukuthula. Ngakho, kwakukhona izizathu KwamaBolshevik ukunqoba kulwiwa. AmaKhomanisi engqondweni obala kwaba umemezela ukuthula eside elindelwe. IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala lalibizwa ngokuthi "lingabacindezeli", yona abangu uphawu iminyaka eminingi izincwadi Soviet.

Ukungenelela kwe-Entente

Uma ngezizathu kohlu KwamaBolshevik ukunqoba kulwiwa ku izinto ezingeke sehluleke ingasaphathwa iphutha elibi "amhlophe", uyalwamukela usizo umbimbi European. Ngemva isiphelo sesimiso sivumelwano Brest kuya Entente kufanele ummangalelwa nabaholi baseSoviet lokuvukela umbuso.

I oMfelandawonye wahambe rapprochement ne "amhlophe". Nokho, ngokusekela kwabo wayebuthakathaka kakhulu futhi kwaba ngo umsebenzi kwamachweba eziningana enyakatho. Khona-ke baseYurophu behluleka ukwenza kanjalo. Lawa izimbangela zobudlova futhi KwamaBolshevik ukunqoba kulwiwa. Abasebenzi LamaKhomanisi bayisebenzisa kahle le kuhlasela njengoba best inkulumo-ze hambisa.

Manje "amhlophe" ngokuthi ngumkhapheli izintshisekelo kazwelonke ezazihamba ukubhekana abahlaseli. Ngakho kunezizathu omusha kwamaBolshevik ukunqoba kulwiwa. Izigaba eyinhloko lengxabano olunegazi zivame washayelwa ngokuhambisana isikhundla ngaphambili. Kodwa "amhlophe" walahlekelwa empini hhayi impi, okungukuthi emkhakheni ngemibono. isitha uhlakaniphile hambisa "red" inkulumo-ze ngamunye sisetshenziselwe inzuzo yabo.

Futhi musa ulahleke uma ucelwa: ". Yiziphi izizathu KwamaBolshevik ukunqoba kulwiwa" Ukuze zibhale kungaba okwanele ingasaphathwa mqondo kuchaziwe ngenhla.

Impi yezwe abahlaseli

Ukulwa kubahlaseli bangaphandle, ubuholi Soviet ukusebenzisa ngempumelelo izimfuno zabasebenzi emhlabeni. Abasebenzi abavela kuwo wonke amazwe European ukubheka Russian Revolution njengoba ukunqoba lalo. amabutho angaphandle ehlasela ejenti kweSoviet futhi bagqugquzela, okuyinto demoralized isitha kusuka ngaphakathi.

Kazi Lenin ngokwakhe wabhala ezincwadini zakhe ukuthi amazwe Entente kwakuhluke kakhulu jikelele amandla voltage ukubhubhisa amaBolshevik futhi uthathe eMoscow nge Petrograd. Nokho, oMfelandawonye Akakwenzanga. Ngo usizo yayo "amhlophe" basuke kungagcini encane (ngezinga elingelikhulu amasu) unikeza imikhiqizo nezikhali.

Ukunqotshwa kwe-"amhlophe"

Ngo-1919 kwaba khona ushintsho olukhulu kule kulwiwa. "White" kuzo zonke izimpi ahlehla. Kolchak nebutho lakhe uyasala lonke yeSiberia, washona ngo-Irkutsk.

Denikin ukuthi wanqoba futhi waqala baleka eningizimu. Ngo-1921, ngesikhathi "amhlophe" kwaba kuphela eCrimea, kusukela olwaqala wokuba abantu baphume nezimundiso nabaphikisi wamaKhomanisi. Nge ekupheleni kulwiwa, ezitaladini bofeleba European Ugcwalise monarchists isiRashiya, Liberals nezinye izipoki we "oludala".