I noguquko - kuyinto ... Izibonelo definition. Thomas Kuhn, "I Sakhiwo Scientific Revolutions"

Ngo kokubukeza inqubo ukuthuthukiswa sisonke, njengoba izazi zefilosofi nazo ziye zavela imithetho ayo ayinhloko. Komunye wayo kunqunywa inqubekela phambili isu. Ibizwa ngokuthi umthetho kuphikisa ka kuphikisa. Ngaphakathi accordance nga lo ukuthuthukiswa kuyinto Kuvunguza. Ngezinye ngabunye kunesithembiso ukuphindaphinda izinqubo, kodwa emazingeni aphezulu. Omunye umthetho kunqunywa ukuthuthukiswa ngamaqhinga. Hegel ngokuthi ushintsho yayo kusukela ubuningi ukuba izinga. Ngaphakathi accordance nga lo mthetho, ukuthuthukiswa iyona ukwenyuka kancane isibalo izinguquko akudingeki izici ezintsha sobala. Kodwa sifikile inani elithile kuba eqa qualitative. Lo mkhawulo ubizwa Hegel ngesilinganiso.

Inqubo ukuthuthukiswa ukwazi komphakathi, ikakhulukazi ocwaningweni kanye sphere kwamasiko, kwenteka ngekutsi bafundzi ekuqongeleleni izinguquko ezithile ambalwa. Lapho izindlela ukufinyelela kuphakama eqa qualitative - inguquko ngokwesayensi. A Paradigm shift Ngakho isici esiyinhloko inqubo ukuthuthukiswa. Cabangela eminye kwenzeka kanjani futhi iziphi izenzakalo zingakufakazela ngakho.

Paradigm - kuba amagama alula?

Leli gama lisuselwa ngesiGreki. ekwakhiweni Model yenkinga futhi izixazululo yayo kuyinto ebaluleke isikhathi othize - lena Paradigm. Kuyini ngamagama alula? Paradeigma semfashini sicaciselwe indlela yokwenza nokuxazulula izinkinga ucwaningo. Ukuphambuka kuwo ngeke cishe ukuthola ukuliqonda ngokunembile ososayensi. Kunezibonelo ezihlukahlukene umkhuba walo. Ukushintsha paradigms it is kalula kakhulu kuboniswa Ukuqhathanisa kwenkathi ethile.

ngqo we

Paradigm shift - inqubo eside ngokwanele. Akenzi zenzeke ngokushesha futhi sihambisana isingeniso kancane kancane imibono emisha ezingqondweni inani elikhulayo ososayensi. Ngemva kwesikhashana, esakaza, imodeli entsha iba bezibona kuyinsakavukela. ezinye izinto eziningi ekuphileni zenziwa by Isifaniso. Ngakho, zezibalo nokuxazulula izinkinga Kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa izixazululo aziwayo. Amaqiniso eziphikisana esungulwe onobuhle ngokuvamile waqonda njengoba baqede noma ngisho indiva. Nokho, njengoba kufakazelwa umlando nesayensi, noguquko - into yemvelo.

lwezikhathi

Lapho ufika inombolo ethile amaqiniso amasha kukhona ukubhujiswa okusheshayo imodeli kusungulwa. Ngezinye kwesisekelo salo kwakhiwa uhlelo entsha. Isebenzisa nezinye imiqondo nezindlela ngayo nefunda ngayo kuveze ngokwanele ulwazi olulondolozwe. Ushintsho paradigms yesayensi ngokuvamile kuboniswa igrafu. I eksisi evundla kubonisa isikhathi t, kanye mpo - ikakhulukazi amagugu abstract n futhi p. Kwakamuva njani degree yentuthuko ngesiyalo nangokuqondisa ezingeni intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe esikhathini. mithandazo Kubonisani ezinamachashazi umugqa ukukhula ushintsho lokuqala - umugqa okuqinile. izigaba ovundlile elihambisana imodeli aqine. On izingxenye emaweni we noguquko senzeka. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa ezincwadini zanamuhla isiqu okuhambisanayo. On izingxenye emaweni kwenzeka nje ukuthi eqa qualitative, okwakubekelwa eshiwo ngenhla. Ibizwa ngokuthi inguquko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe.

Ukuthuthukiswa isayensi

Imithombo edume kunazo lasendulo ebhaliwe yolwazi zihlanganisa ekuseni China, Greece neGibhithe. yobudala wabo ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane ezintathu edlule. Ngokuyinhloko ziqukethe ulwazi kusuka emkhakheni wezokwelapha, nezibalo, isayensi yezinkanyezi ekuqondeni izinto eziyisisekelo zokuphila. umsebenzi Scientific endulo eyenziwa ososayensi zihlakazeke - zo. Nakuba kwakungekho iphethini ecacile okuqonda, okuholela ukungabi sekuyaphela nokuxhumana phakathi kwabo nezazi zefilosofi. Mhlawumbe ngenxa yaleli sekukhona imibono ukhiye zinkolelo-mbono ezicatshangelwayo main esetshenziswa namuhla.

Ngokwesibonelo, abantu abaziyo ukuthi kungani division of the mbuthano lifikile 360. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, le imodeli umsuka eGibhithe lasendulo. Kukholakala ukuthi ngonyaka kuhlanganisa izinsuku ezingu-360. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ilanga uchaza umbuthano. Ngakho, usuku olulodwa ilingana 1/360 inkanyiso ukunyakaza arc. Ngemva kwalokho, lesi silinganiso iye waboleka-Arabhu futhi uqambe "degree". Esikhathini imisebenzi zefilosofi yamaGreki asendulo angabhekwa ukufana Paradigm ezithile. Basendulo kwaba ukuliqonda ngokunembile ubuqotho yonke. Ngakho isayensi hhayi wabahlukanisa ngezigaba njengamadodana eyala ahlukene kanye nezenzo njengoba ifilosofi yemvelo.

yongqondongqondo basendulo

Izazi edume kunazo lasendulo zihlanganisa Thales laseMilethu, uPtolemy, Archimedes, Democritus, futhi-ke, u-Aristotle. Okokuqala, ngokusobala, nguye kuqala owatshela wonke mayelana lomkhuba ugesi. Democritus okuthiwa laqanjwa u-mbono yokuziphendukela isakhiwo athomu izinto. Archimedes wabeka izisekelo hydrostatics kanye Mechanics. UPtolemy lwenzelwe wesifunda okuphathelene nokwakheka kwendawo yonke, yena based ukwakhiwa yakhe ezinkanyezi.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, indima eyihloko ukuthuthukiswa of the Paradigm yesayensi kubhekwa ngu-Aristotle. Wayengumuntu lo mqeqeshi we Macedon. Umlawuli omkhulu akukaze ukhohliwe mayelana uthisha wakhe. Aristotle hhayi kuphela uthole ezihlukahlukene izimpahla eziphathekayo, kodwa futhi imibhalo, eyayinekheli ngokuhlakanipha ethumba impucuko Omkhulu. Ngenxa yalesi ukwesekwa usosayensi wakwazi ukwakha isikole esikhulu ngokwesayensi. Aristotle zavela izinto eziyisisekelo logic esisemthethweni, wadala iqoqo lokuqala ehlelekile yazo zonke lezi zinkolelo-mbono besikhathi sakhe. Kwaba esikoleni zakhe zaba umphakathi Owadala Paradigm lasendulo kwezesayensi. Ngemva kwalokho isazi sesayensi ukubukwa canonised iSonto LamaRoma. imibono yakhe ihlale kube into eza kuqala isikhathi eside kakhulu. A noguquko ulwazi isayensi ngaleso sikhathi isandla ukuyiveza. A indima ekhethekile udlalwa lapha yi iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki oNgcwele. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa izibonelo Nikolaya Kopernika noGalileo.

ithiyori isisindo

I noguquko - okungukuthi, okokuqala kunakho konke, ukubhujiswa imibono pre-ekhona. Nge ekukhuleni komphakathi, abaningi ukubukwa-Aristotle ayengasekho ezifanelekayo nezanele. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isisekelo incazelo imihlola eziningi zemvelo kwaba embonweni ka isisindo, izinto obucayi, isenzo njengoba abathwali izimfanelo ezithile ngokomzimba. Incazelo imiphumela optical esekelwe ekuqaleni inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kunyakaza e ethers awunzima neze. Heat phathelana ukubizwa ketshezi usabalale, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i caloric.

Magnetic kanye izenzakalo kagesi ufumene incazelo yabo. Ikakhulukazi, babengeke baphile lihlotshaniswa khona uketshezi ezimbili kokuba polarity amacala ehlukene, futhi omunye kazibuthe. Kamuva, Franklin, umongameli we Melika, kusale kuphela omunye wabo. Ukuba khona kwawo lumiswa nge "+", kanye nokuntuleka, ngokulandelana, "-". Kuleli zwe lanamuhla, lesi imodeli kubonakala ekwehlukanisweni kwetindzima amacala ongemuhle futhi omuhle. Theory isisindo eside beqiniso lashabalala, kodwa notation ka wahlala.

Izici

Ukusebenzisa Paradigm kuhilela ukusetshenziswa indlela zomlando ukuze inqubo ukuxoxa umbono ethile. Njengengxenye yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle lweqiniso likhuluma khona imihlola subjective. Ngenxa izimbangela ukhiye a noguquko libizwa esilandelayo. Esiguquguqukayo kunqunywa kwesikhathi futhi, ngokufanelekile, ukuthuthukiswa bezibona umphakathi. sefilosofi American kanye nososayensi Thomas Kuhn wachaza ukuthi ithiyori esikhundleni. Yokutholwa ngesikhathi esithile imodeli isikhathi ubalula uhla lwezindaba nezinkinga asho futhi isixazululo. Zonke izenzakalo futhi izenzakalo musa uyowela kuwo, musa ukuba sihlole. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi esigabeni ngasinye ukuthuthukiswa umphakathi kukhona umbono ovamile, nesebenzela ngaphakathi imodeli aqine.

"Ukuhleleka kwe Scientific Revolutions"

Ngakho-ke ngokuthi ezinethonya kunazo, ngokososayensi kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, incwadi iveza lokho okushiwo yinkulumo izinguquko ukwazi komphakathi. Thomas Kuhn, umlobi sabuka ukuthuthukiswa kokubili lapho kubhujiswa lesi ubudala futhi ukuvela sengqondo entsha ngokwengqondo maqondana inkinga. Ngenxa kubo, ngokombono wakhe, futhi kukhona eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma entsha nemibono. Umqondo noguquko, isuselwe umbhali enganikanga izimpendulo zemibuzo eminingi. Nokho, indlela entsha ukuze abonise okushiwo ngokucindezela izinkinga ucwaningo lwabo. umsebenzi Kuhn sika unezinhloso ezinkulu futhi iqukethe imibono ezintsha. Lokhu kwaholela ukuthandeka incwadi futhi ukuvela impikiswano nxazonke.

okuqukethwe theory

Ngu definition, isazi sefilosofi, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa yesayensi kuyinto ushintsho epistemological e imodeli ekhona. Ngaphansi kwawo, umlobi eqala impumelelo obonwa bonke ososayensi kanye nokunika enkathini eyiminyaka icebo Ekuthathweni izinkinga nezisombululo umphakathi. I noguquko - okungukuthi, ngokuvumelana sefilosofi, anomaly ukuthola inqubo ukuthi angeke sachaza ngu imodeli lamukelwa endaweni yonke. Imfundiso yamanje kumele lithathwe nje njengoba uhlelo zamanje, kodwa futhi emhlabeni wonkana, lapho likhona, kanye nalokho okutholwe ethathwe ngokusetshenziswa kwayo.

Paradigm ingxabano, ebanjwa in inqubo intuthuko qualitative, ngokuyinhloko ukungalandelani ezahlukene ukubaluleka izinhlelo, izindlela izixazululo, nesilinganiso, observation imikhuba, kodwa kungagcini izithombe zomhlaba. Imodeli ezihlongozwayo lihlukile kumbhali inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela neo-positivists ngokuthi ugxila abacwaningi ngabanye, kodwa hhayi imisebenzi Abstraction kuphela kwefilosofi noma okunengqondo.

izincazelo esisebenzayo

Isibonelo sendlela amabutho esikhundleni Paradigm cabanga ulwazi olufanayo ngezindlela ezahlukene, uba kuwutalagu "unogwaja duck". Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngaphakathi isiyalo buthelela ulwazi olwanele mayelana anomalies abalulekile, kungqubuzana nemfundiso ekhona. Kuleli qophelo kufika crisis ngokwesayensi. Ngokuhamba ke abazenzi ukuhlola imibono emisha, okuyinto kuze kube yileso sikhathi awazange kucatshangelwe noma kunqatshelwe. Ngenxa yalokho, isimo esibucayi isayensi Paradigm shift usuphothuliwe. Imodeli omusha ngezingoma nabasekeli bakhe. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kwaba khona uhlobo oluthile bokusungula impi abasekeli ubudala futhi ngundlalifa Paradigm wakhe. Ukwandisa inani ongakhetha ukuncintisana, isifiso ukuzimisela ukuzama into entsha, ukuxoxa zimiso eziyisisekelo ukhombise ukwedlulela inqubo cwaningo evamile okungavamile.

Esikhundleni IElectromagnetic yalelozwe relativistic Einstein uMaxwell zingakhiqiza isibonelo physics kwekhulu lama-20. Lolu shintsho ephelezelwa nohide lwezinkulumo-mpikiswano eshubile ekuletheni idatha enokwehla. Ngenxa yalokho ukuphikisana phezu Imininingwane neyaziwayo theory ka-Einstein ye.

imicimbi

Ekusebenteni, zikhona izibonelo ezimbalwa zakudala we noguquko. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, nososayensi ukuthi okwashiwo esikhundleni okumsulwa elilodwa model of the nezinye kungabonakala kuphela esigabeni kunalokho abstract wanoma iziphi izinguquko. Uma sitadisha inqubo ngokuningiliziwe, ngempela ngempela kunzima ukunquma mzuzu gxuma. Fall ngaphansi kwencazelo Kuhn imicimbi elandelayo:

1. Ukuhlanganisa physics Newton classical ngemcondvo ahlobene mechanistic.
2. Kutfutfukiswa imfundiso kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Wazibandezela ngendalo ngokombono nencazelo eyisisekelo ezihlukahlukene ezikhona eziphilayo emhlabeni.
3. Ukuthuthukiswa quantum physics. Isiyalo kunqunywa okuvela Mechanics classical.
4. Kokwamukelwa kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela kuhlangana khona izingqimba zomhlaba njengoba incazelo izinguquko ezinkulu e komhlaba kule planethi.

ithiyori classical

Ubethula ekugcineni kwakhiwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngezinye kwesisekelo salo walala isimiso causality. Kusekelwe umbono wokuthi uphenyo ngokucacile futhi ngokuphelele kuphakama kusukela izimo ugesi walo. ukuhumusha okunjalo ubuhlobo esiyimbangela eyenza yena, umbono walokho okubizwa ngokuthi Determinism oluphelele lwezenzakalo oluzayo. Ingqikithi yale theory obonakaliswe isimiso of Determinism yesayensi, Laplace likhishiwe. Ngokusho kwakhe, yonke imicimbi kungenziwa precalculation ngokuxazulula inombolo ethile zibalo physics classical. Konke kwakubonakala ecacile nelula, kanye izenzakalo eziningi kwachazwa ngokusebenzisa le imodeli.

Nokho, ngcono ubuchwepheshe, zobuchwepheshe kwasekuqaleni, idale inguquko entsha kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe. eqa qualitative iphutha esanda kutholakala. Izincwadi ezinyatheliswa phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule, namanje iqukethe izimpawu izingxabano ngokunemba we izifundo ezintsha. Kulokhu isizukulwane samanje ubona lezi ezintsha sivunyiwe.

isiphetho

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, esadaleka ngenxa imfundiso yokuziphendukela yesimanje nemibono, zenzeka phakathi namashumi eminyaka yokuqala yekhulu lama-20. Zaphawula ekwakhiweni lokuqala theory quantum, okuyinto negated ukuba khona Determinism classical. Lokhu revolution kwaholela ushintsho oluphawulekayo ekuqondeni izibopho zamakhemikhali. A Paradigm entsha yingcazelo avelele isimiso causality. Njengoba isici esiyinhloko imodeli elikhona ukuqashelwa namuhla emagama imiphumela esimweni esithile. Izimbangela ukukhiqiza izenzakalo ezithile nge okungenzeka ezithile.

Kuthiwa eziningi abadali revolution yesimanje kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe, kokuba uzibophezele amamodeli classical yemvelo-yesayensi okuqonda zomhlaba, wafa, hhayi ukukwazi sibekezelele yokuntula ithuba ekugcineni alichaza kuvulwa imiqondo angaphambilini abazenzayo.