Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich. Biography emfushane Butlerova AM

Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich, Biography emfushane lapho litholakala cishe kuyo yonke izincwadi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali - usokhemisi odumile waseRussia, umsunguli esikoleni yesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali organic, umsunguli we-mbono yokuziphendukela isakhiwo organic compounds, oluqagelwe wachaza isomerism inqwaba organic compounds kanye kwemiqondo ezinye zazo (methenamine, formaldehyde polymer futhi pr.). Futhi, u-Alexander, umnikelo kabani isayensi adunyiswe D. I. Mendeleev, imisebenzi ebhaliwe ku ukufuywa nezolimo.

Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich: Biography emfushane

Usosayensi esizayo wazalwa ngo-September 15, 1828 ku umndeni wezempi wangaphambili, ngaleso sikhathi, lo umninindlu. Uyise Mikhail kwakuhilela impi 1812, futhi ngemva ukwesula umndeni wakhe wawuhlala edolobhaneni yokhokho Butlerovka. Umama, uSophia Alexandrovna, ushone eneminyaka engu-19, ngokushesha emva kokuzalwa. esengumntwana ayichitha Butlerovke Aleksandru lukakhokho izindlu - emzaneni Podlesnaya Shantala, lapho omakoti kwezemfundo. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-10 ubudala ngathunyelwa boarding school wangasese, lapho Iyakwazi French nesiJalimane. Ngo-1842, ngemva umlilo esesabeka Kazan, ibhodi lavalwa, Sasha sidluliselwe 1 st Kazan sokuzivocavoca. lokuqoqa izinambuzane kanye nezitshalo, kakhulu nesithakazelo chemistry kwenziwe ucwaningo lwakhe lokuqala kulezi izikole Butlerov. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi omunye wabo kwaba ukuqhuma, futhi isijeziso ngenxa yalokho akwenza ku-Alexander - ". Usokhemisi omkhulu 'isiphelo sesimiso ku cooler uqwembe esifubeni sakhe,

iminyaka umfundi

Ngo-1844, Butlerov A. M., ogama biography is ebuswa uthando amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo, owaba umfundi we-University of Kazan, ngaleso sikhathi owayese maphakathi ucwaningo yemvelo yesayensi. Ekuqaleni, lo mfana wathwalwa yizingelosi kwezilwane kanye wezitshalo, kodwa ke isithakazelo sakhe ngaphansi kwethonya izinkulumo KK Klaus noN N. Zinina ukusakaza emkhakheni wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. On iseluleko sabo intsha ihlelwe laboratory ekhaya, kodwa isihloko master, mhlawumbe ngoba Zinin kuhanjiswe ku Petersburg, kwakukhona izimvemvane.

Ngemva kokuphothula waseyunivesithi e 1849 Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich, okuyinto wanxusa N. I. Lobachevsky futhi K. K. Klaus, wazinikela befundisa futhi benokuthile ku geography ngokomzimba, zemvelo noma yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Kepha u-Aleksandru khona eyiqaphuqaphu kakhulu, ukukwazi ukubamba ngokuphelele ukunakwa sibonga izilaleli ukuba esengqondweni iyacaca futhi okukhulu. Ngaphezu efundisa eyunivesithi Butlerov ozongitshela ukuthi itholakale esidlangalaleni. Le mibuthano Kazan izilaleli ngezinye izikhathi ukhetha imfashini imikhiqizo ezigcawugcawu. Tholakele iziqu zeMasters ngo 1851, okuwunyaka washada Nadezhda Mikhailovna Glumilino - Umshana Sergeya Timofeevicha Aksakova. Wavikela mqondo yakhe zobudokotela eminyakeni 3 eMoscow State University ngesihloko esithi "On the amafutha abalulekile." Ngemva kwalokho wakhethwa ngo ongavamile Kazan University, eminyakeni embalwa kamuva uprofesa umnyuziki yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Kusukela 1860 kuya 1863 bephikisa intando yakhe iBamba double Rector, le principalship kwadingeka isikhathi kunalokho esinzima emlandweni we nyuvesi: Curtin umngcwabo bezdna izibhelu eziyisiprofetho ezazithinta abafundi kanye nesakhiwo professorial.

Uhambo oluya eYurophu

Alexander iqhaza ngekukhutsala emisebentini Economic Society of edolobheni Kazan, banyathelisa izihloko zezolimo, ezesayensi yezitshalo kanye floriculture. Biography Butlerov Alexander Mikhailovich has uhambo ezintathu phesheya, olokuqala okwenzeka ngo 1857-1858 GG. usosayensi Russian wavakashela eYurophu, lapho wayekade umkhakha zamakhemikhali wahlangana ehola laboratories zamakhemikhali. Ngo omunye wabo, Paris, ayeyisebenzela cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich walalela izinkulumo imiqondo laseYurophu njengoba Becquerel, E. Mitscherlich, J. von Liebig, Bunsen RV, wabumba bajwayelene uFriedrich August Kekule - wemithi waseJalimane.

Ekubuyeleni kwakhe e-Kazan Butlerov AM, ogama biography libaluleke hhayi kuphela e-Russia kodwa futhi izwe, washiya iguqulwe laboratory yamakhemikhali, futhi izifundo okuqhubekayo methyl waqala kusukela Wurtz. Ngo 1858, usosayensi wathola indlela entsha Kuhlanganisa methyl iodide, futhi kwenziwe eziningi imisebenzi ehlobene nokuvulwa nemikhiqizo yalo. Ngo synthesis methylene diacetate kwaba formaldehyde polymer - umkhiqizo saponification we ketshezi, imiphumela ucwaningo okwakukhona hexamethylenetetramine futhi metileninat. Ngakho, Butlerov zamagama lokuqala Imininingwane ekhiqizwa Sweetener.

Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich: kafushane mayelana impumelelo usosayensi

Ngo 1861 Butlerov wenza ngo Speyer, ngesikhathi iCongress of odokotela German nososayensi, ne inkulumo "Ngo isakhiwo amakhemikhali ndaba", ogxile ujwayele isimo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali isithakazelo phesheya namandla e eziyisisekelo zokubala emkhakheni we-chemistry kusukela iphuzu ezincwadini buka bese ucwaningo sakhe ekhiqizwa ngoba wonke umsebenzi ngokwesayensi. bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe, ezazihlanganisa umqondo ikhono kumiswa amaketanga carbon athomu A. Cooper kanye Valence A. Kekule, kufanele chemical izakhiwo zishintshe, ngawo indlela usosayensi kwakwakhe waqonda la ma-athomu phakathi kwabo kuye ngokuthi lemali ethile namandla chemical (ziyezwana), ngamunye isici athomu.

izici ezibalulekile inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela Butlerov

ososayensi Russian wathola ubuhlobo obuseduze isakhiwo futhi amakhemikhali izakhiwo compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi organic kuka bakwazi ukuchaza isomerism abaningi babo, kuhlanganise pentanes ezintathu, butanes ezimbili isomeric, alcohols ehlukahlukene. Futhi Butlerov theory kwenza ukuba ukubikezela ezingaba ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali futhi siyichaze.

Ngakho, ngo-inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela Aleksandr Mihaylovich Butlerov:

• yabonisa ukwehluleka owawukhona ngaleso eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ngesikhathi Chemistry;
• Wagcizelela ukubaluleka luba kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela-athomu;
• kuchazwa chemical isakhiwo njengoba ukusatshalaliswa amabutho ziyezwana okuqondene athomu, lapho ama-athomu ezinomthelela (ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile) komunye nomunye, uxhumeke kwi-zinhlobo zamakhemikhali;
• 8 imithetho isizukulwane kuchazwe chemical compounds;
• kuqala alalelwa umehluko phakathi reactivities compounds ezingafani, ngenxa yamandla aphansi noma ngaphezulu ngalo athomu axhunyiwe, kanye ngokwengxenye noma wezindleko zesabelo ziyezwana amayunithi e yokwakha izibopho.

kwentuthuko yesayensi Usokhemisi waseRussia

Biography Butlerova Aleksandra Mihaylovicha kafushane ngokweqile izincwadi, kanye nezinsuku zokuphila kwakhe futhi ezinkulu ezifinyelelwe isayensi. Ngenxa usosayensi inombolo Russian omkhulu zokuhlolwa eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe. Usosayensi, pre-kwemiqondo, zikhonjwe 1864, isakhiwo ephakeme butyl utshwala ngo-1866 - isobutane, e-1867 - isobutylene. Futhi bafunda eziningana isakhiwo ethylene ne-carbon ekhiqizwa polymerization yabo.

Ngo 1867-1868 GG. Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich, Biography iDemo okuyinto nesithakazelo esiqotho engasithola ososayensi emhlabeni wonke, wamiswa uprofesa wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali at Petersburg University. Wethule nethimba lakhe kwalesi sikhungo, Mendeleev kugcizelelwe okwakhe Butlerov nokufundisa, hhayi isandiso komsebenzi womunye umuntu, kodwa kungokwalowo wayemnakekela naye.

Ngo-1869 Butlerov ekugcineni zijwayeza Petersburg, lapho wakhethwa academician we Petersburg Academy of Sciences okungavamile, bese abavamile. Inkathi zokuphila Petersburg ekhuthele: uprofesa baqhubeka ucwaningo lwakhe, emihle Tuning imfundiso yokuziphendukela isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali, ukubamba iqhaza empilweni yomphakathi.

Okuthandayo emphilweni usosayensi

Ngo-1873, umfundi waqala ukutadisha umlando yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali , futhi uye lectured ngale ndaba. Ngibhale ngowokuqala emlandweni ukuphathwa yesayensi, esekelwe imfundiso yokuziphendukela isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali - ". Isingeniso ekutadisheni ephelele yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali organic" Aleksandr Mihaylovich Butlerov kuyinto umsunguli esikoleni of bamakhemikhali isiRashiya, ngokuthi ngenye "Butlerov esikoleni." In parallel isifundo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali kuyinto ngenkuthalo nesithakazelo kwezolimo. Ikakhulukazi, yayinesithakazelo ukutshala itiye eCaucasus, ingadi kanye ukufuywa. iphamfulethi yakhe "Indlela ukushayela izinyosi" futhi "Bee, ukuphila kwakhe futhi imithetho eyinhloko bee ezinengqondo" ushicilele ngokuphindaphindiwe, futhi umagazini "Russian ukufuywa ishidi" njengoba yasungulwa ngo-1886.

Ngo 1880-1883 GG. Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich, Biography emfushane ligcwele ethakazelisayo futhi ebalulekile isayensi, kwaba umongameli Russian umphakathi Physico-lobuchwepheshe. Esikhathini esifanayo, usosayensi ezithandela spiritualism, ayehlangana nabo izindlu Aksakov sika ngo-1854. Kamuva, Usokhemisi waseRussia lihlotshaniswa umzala lomkakhe Aksakovym A. N., enyatheliswa i-Journal of spiritualism "nezingokwengqondo Ucwaningo" futhi ekusukeleni bavikela phambi ligxeke abazana naye abangane uthando lwakhe.

Inani imisebenzi Butlerova Aleksandra Mihaylovicha kwamakhemikhali

Isizathu sokwesula kwakhe ka-Aleksandru kwadingeka ashiye ngo-1875, ngemva kweminyaka engu-service 25. Council Petersburg University sahamba kude kabili lokhu esiyiminyaka 5. Inkulumo yokugcina Aleksandra Mihaylovicha Butlerova owawuse Mashi 14, 1885. Impilo yakhe kuhlulekile, basibukela phansi olujulile imisebenzi yesayensi kanye nemisebenzi sezenhlalo: konke Butlerof okungazelelwe ushonele endaweni ifa 5 Agasti, 1886. -Scholar wangcwatshwa edolobhaneni emathuneni bomdabu Butlerovki, manje ezingasasebenzi, esontweni nomndeni.

Butlerova umsebenzi ngesikhathi sokuphila beqashelwa bakhe emhlabeni wonke, esikoleni sakhe yesayensi ubhekwa njengengxenye ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali eRussia, futhi biography Butlerova Aleksandra Mihaylovicha kuyinto nesithakazelo esiqotho engasithola izazi nabafundi. Alexander ngokwakhe ayengeke ebukekayo kakhulu futhi indoda enemisebenzi ezinokuthambekela nobudlelwano, enomqondo ovulekile, nabanomusa futhi Uyazehlisa ukuze abafundi.