Charles Sanders Peirce - umsunguli pragmatism futhi semiotics: Biography, imisebenzi emikhulu

Charles Sanders Peirce - American sefilosofi, logician, isazi sezibalo kanye nososayensi, okuyinto abanye abaye balibiza ngokuthi "uyise wabo pragmatism". Wathola imfundo yakhe njengoba wemithi futhi wasebenza njengoba usosayensi engaphezu kwengu-30. It is baziswa ngegalelo lakhe logic, izibalo, ifilosofi nemfundiso futhi semiotics. Futhi okudume nososayensi waseMelika othi esebeké phambili zoMthetho oyinhloko webhayisikobho ethile zefilosofi wamanje - pragmatism.

ukuqashelwa

Charlz Pirs - kuyinto Innovator izibalo, izibalo, ifilosofi, kanye ezinye izindlela zocwaningo sciences ahlukahlukene. Pierce azi- logician wokuqala nomkhulu kunabo bonke. Wenza umnikelo omkhulu kule isayensi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwavula logic of the indlela izinto ezintsha kanye iziphetho. Wabona logic njengoba kungaba njalo egatsheni esisemthethweni semiotics, umsunguli okwakukhona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Charlz Pirs kuchazwe nomqondo ukucabanga abductive, kanye ngokuqinile washayelwa lokungeniswa zezibalo nokucabangisisa deductive. Kakade ngo-1886 wabona ukuthi imisebenzi okunengqondo kungaba kwenziwe nge kagesi usuke izifunda. Umqondo ofanayo yasetshenziselwa okwakuyothi emashumini eminyaka kamuva ukwenziwa amakhompyutha digital.

Kuyini pragmatism?

Pragmatism - umkhuba zefilosofi eqale e-United States ngo-1870. Pragmatism ubona wacabanga njengoba ithuluzi ukubikezela nokuxazulula izinkinga futhi isenzo, futhi esenqaba umqondo wokuba ukuthi abantu ingqondo umsebenzi elihlobene ne Metaphysics futhi izinto abstract njengoba ngokoqobo kuqondane and umthelela ephakeme intelligence ukudalelwa. Pragmatists baphikisa ngokuthi iqiniso into kuphela enikeza Imiphumela esisebenzayo ewusizo. Pragmatism Charles Peirce sichaza "yonke ngokushintsha", kuyilapho idealists, namaqiniso futhi Thomists (abalandeli umcabango umKatolika) umbono "yonke esingashintshi." Pragmatism - kuba ifilosofi, okuyinto ephambene yonke imizamo ukuchaza Metaphysics futhi ngaphezulu noma iyiphi iqiniso indlela ethile ukuze ukuvumelana yesikhashana phakathi kwabantu endaweni cwaningo.

Kuyini semiotics?

Semiotics - ekutadisheni incazelo zokubonisa izinqubo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa isifundo izimpawu izinqubo semiotic, imiyalelo yabo imakwe ukufana, isifaniso, kuwumfuziselo, sifanisongco kanye afanekiselayo. Lolu cwaningo ihlola isayensi izimpawu kanye nezimpawu njengengxenye zokuxhumana. Ngokuphambene, yezilimi, semiotics nayo ukuhlola non-ngokolimi izinhlelo uphawu.

Semiotika uProfesa Charles S. Peirce

I semiotics kaCharles Peirce ikhomba inani imiqondo esemqoka (nomqondo izimpawu, nezincazelo zawo futhi ubudlelwano ongokomfanekiso). Wayazi ukuthi le ndawo tindlela telucwaningo kumele isayensi esihlanganisiwe - semiotics. Ngakho-ke, Pierce likhombe nemiqondo eyisisekelo semiotics, ukuthi ngezigaba zawo:

• Izimpawu imifanekiso: izimpawu ingcaca, okusho obalulekile futhi ube semthethweni ezivamile semantic. Esinye sezibonelo zalokhu kuyisixwayiso "Isexwayiso: izingane", elibonisa izingane egijima. Lokhu kubangela uphawu lomgwaqo ukuze wehlise ijubane emgwaqeni isethwe eduze, izikole, izinkulisa, izigaba ezemidlalo junior (noma abaculi), njalo njalo. D.
• Izimpawu izinkomba: kuphinde kusho kusho into (noma izenzo) exhumene okungenani ibanga ngesikhathi noma isikhala. Esinye sezibonelo zalokhu izimpawu emigwaqweni, anikeza ulwazi isihambi mayelana igama, isiqondiso kanye nebanga emzaneni olandelayo. Futhi, izimpawu ezibukwayo, esibonisa, isibonelo, ukuhwaqabala - kubhekwe njengophawu-index, ngoba yadluliselwa isimo kwemizwelo yomuntu (kuleli cala - intukuthelo).
• Izimpawu-izimpawu: i wakhomba futhi signifier kukhona uhlamvu olulodwa ngaphansi iphrizimu a Ukubika Inkinga YeWindows ezithile (kuziwa zangaphambi netimiso). Ungakwazi zilethe isibonelo ngophawu lomgwaqo oluthi kubonisa lokho "flip" unxantathu. Yiqinisekise okusho uphawu - a "akhale", kodwa ukuqokwa kakhulu akuhlangene ne isinyathelo eshukumisayo ngoba nje nabokhulumile unxantathu. Ngaphansi iphrizimu efanayo uwela netimphawu tavelonkhe, lapho into sithombe bokukhuluma kubo bonke. Amatshwayo kungenzeka wonke amazwi izilimi ezikhona, kodwa uhlu okuhlukile uthole izwi-mbumbulu (ezifana "croak", "Meow", "ibhodle", "umsindo" nokunye okunjalo).

Charlz Pirs: Biography

Wazalelwa ngo-September 10, 1839, i-Cambridge (Massachusetts), indodana ka-edumile sezibalo American nesezinkanyezi Benjamin Peirce. Charles wahola nelungelo iminyaka yokuqala yokuphila kwakhe: abazali benqaba sokuyala nokufundisa izingane zabo ngenxa yokwesaba ukucindezela ubuntu babo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umoya zezemfundo bokusungula ikhaya nomndeni, okuyinto evame wavakashelwa izicukuthwane kakhulu ngokomoya futhi ebalulekile, Pierce akazange avumele ukuba ukhethe sihluke indlela yesayensi. Phakathi izivakashi zazivame zezibalo oluvelele nososayensi, izimbongi, abameli kanye nabezombusazwe. Esimweni esinjalo, Charles abasha Pierce wakwazi ukugcina induduzo isithakazelo.

Pierce yesibili ingane ezinhlanu umndeni. Wayefanele abazalwane abane abanamakhono nabo kancane exhumene ezimpilweni zabo nezikhulu isayensi esiphakeme. Dzheyms Mills Peirce (umfowabo omdala) ngemva kukayise eHarvard University, lapho afundela khona izibalo ukujula.

Omunye umzalwane uHerbert uHenry Pierce, uye wayesethubeni lokuthola umsebenzi ovelele enkonzweni nokuhlakanipha Ministry Foreign. Lo mzalwane omncane, uBhenjamini Mills Peirce, wafunda zobunjiniyela futhi kwaba yimpumelelo, kodwa wafa esemncane kule ndawo. Talent Abazalwane, ikakhulu Charles, kakhulu ezihlobene ehlakaniphe omkhulu futhi ithonya uyise, kanye ne-atmosphere ukuphila-bokusungula ayekubona njalo kubo.

Charlz Pirs: izincwadi, amaphepha isayensi

Ukuthandwa nedumela Pierce isekelwe inombolo yayo amaphepha isayensi eyanyatheliswa kuyi emaphephabhukwini esayensi American. Izinto azibhala zaba nasemuva in the "-American Academy of Arts and Sciences", e-"National Academy of Sciences" kuyi-Journal of zokucabangela Philosophy Popular Science nyanga zonke. imisebenzi Scientific kaCharles Sanders Peirce kwi-mathematics ne ifilosofi zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili: ishicilelwe phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe futhi ngemva kokufa kwakhe.

Izincwadi Pierce phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe

• Incwadi ethi "izifundo photometric" 1878. enamakhasi angu-181 wokulandisa ku ukusebenzisa izindlela spectrographic yezinkanyezi.
• Incwadi "Studies in Logic e-Johns Hopkins '1883. Ukuqoqwa imisebenzi yesayensi abafundi iziqu kanye odokotela, kuhlanganise yena, Charles Pierce, emkhakheni logic.

Main ukushicilelwa posthumous

WaseHarvard University etholakele unkosikazi Pierce amaphepha akhe amaningi ngemva kokufa kwakhe (1914). Ehhovisi lakhe babekuthola imibhalo yesandla lungashicilelwe mayelana 1650 in a Imininingwane Amakhasi 100 000. Anthology Okokuqala eshicilelwe izihloko Pierce kwaba incwadi-volume one onesihloko esithi "Amathuba, Love and Logic. indzaba leyakheke zefilosofi" ziphindaphindwe Umsebenzi, eyahlelwa Morris Raphael Cohen ngo-1923. Kamuva yaqala ukubonakala nezinye anthologies nezincwadi okwakukhona ngo-1940, 1957, 1958, 1972, 1994 no-2009.

Iningi yesandla Pierce esivele ishicilelwe, kodwa kukhona ezinye izimo ukuthi abazi khanya imibhalo ingafaneleki.

• 1931-58: "A ukuqoqwa izihloko by Charles Sanders Peirce" imiqulu 8. Nazi yonke imisebenzi yakhe esikhathini kusuka 1860 kuya 1913. Nokho, umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu futhi lithela ngendlela ukuqala ngo 1893. Ekuqaleni, izihloko awazange olwakhiwe futhi ziyahlukahluka ngobukhulu, ngakho umhleli kwakudingeka nginikeze uhlobo lesifanele. Kusukela kuqala umqulu wesithupha eyahlelwa Charles Hartshorne, kanye nelesi lwesishiyagalombili - Arturom Burkom.
• 1975-87: "Charles Sanders Peirce: umnikelo isizwe" - 4 amavolumu. Leli qoqo has Izibuyekezo ezingaphezu kuka-300 futhi izihloko Pierce, ayeba ingxenye eshicilelwe phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe esikhathini kusuka 1869 kuya 1908. Ukuqoqwa amaphepha isayensi zishicilelwe, eyahlelwa Kenneth Lane Keener noJakobe Edvarda Kuka.
• 1976 - samanje: "Imisuka okusha kweembalo of Charles S. Peirce" - 5 amavolumu. Lapha ashicilelwe ukuyedlula ukusebenza Pierce mathematics. Editorial - Kerolin Eyzele. Isimo yephrojekthi budebuduze uhlala "ekuthuthukisweni."
• 1977 - samanje: "Ukuxhumana phakathi Charles S. Peirce futhi Viktoriey Uelbi kusuka 1903 kuya 1912-th."
• 1982 - samanje: "imiBhalo Charles S. Peirce - Kwezikhathi Zawo Edition". Le phrojekthi kuqala kwakungumprofethi ukushicilelwa ngo-2010, kodwa umsebenzi uyaqhubeka kuze kube yilolu suku. Okokuqala eshicilelwe 6 amavolumu ukumboza ukuphila usosayensi esikhathini kusuka 1859 kuya 1889.
• 1985 - samanje: "Umlando isayensi nemibono Pierce: emlandweni wesayensi" - 2 amavolumu. Ehleliwe Kerolin Eyzele.
• 1992 - samanje: "Inkulumo on the logic of izinto" - inkulumo uProfesa Pier for 1898 ngonyaka th. Ukubuyekeza: Kenneth Lane Kinner ubeke Hilary Putnam.
• 1992-98: Essential Peirce - 2 amavolumu. izibonelo Okubalulekile imisebenzi zefilosofi Charles Pierce. Ehleliwe Nathan Hauser (ivolumu 1st) kanye Christian Clausel (ivolumu 2nd).
• 1997 - samanje: "Pragmatism njengoba isimiso kanye indlela yokucabanga lesifanele." Pierce Ukuqoqwa Izinkulumo Pragmatism eHarvard University ngesimo izincwadi emfushane zemfundo. Editorial: Patricia Ann Turis.
• 2010 - samanje: "Ifilosofi kweembalo: Imisebenzi ekhethiwe." Amanani, ngaphambili awuzange ushicilelwe, umsebenzi Pierce emkhakheni wezibalo. Ukubuyekeza: Metyu Mur.

Umnikelo usosayensi omkhulu kwezesayensi

Charles S. Peirce wenza Imivubukulo eminingi etholakale athusayo ubuhlakani esisemthethweni, izibalo eziyisisekelo. Futhi, isazi American kuyinto umsunguli pragmatism futhi semiotics. Iningi umsebenzi wakhe Ososayensi kuyancomeka kwaze kwaba ngemva kokufa kwakhe. Usosayensi washona ngo-April 19 ngo-1914.