Interspecies emzabalazweni: ifomu kanye nencazelo

Yini ekukhathaza abantu? Shiya bese ugcine abantu nge izibalo ezithile futhi asuse abanye, okuyizinto kancane uyakufanelekela ukuba sokusinda kuleli zwe nokhahlo. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi Ukukhetha yokufakelwa , indima ebaluleke kakhulu lapho kuthatha indoda. Kodwa umsebenzi wethu namuhla ukuba bajwayelane ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo, kunalokho, sifunda ukuthi interspecies enjalo emzabalazweni.

Izimpawu ukuthi ziwusizo kubantu, akuzona njalo kunesidingo futhi libalulekile isilwane. Imvelo, kakhulu, ngobe linemandla ekusindzisa ezinye izinhlobo zawo futhi abanye ukuzimisela. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi eyaziwa "ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo", futhi interspecies umzukuzuku - lokhu ingenye amathuluzi yale nqubo. Lokho, izilwane ezidla ukudla, amanzi, indawo, nokunye. Ngakho kukhona kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo, baphoqekile ukuba ukuzivumelanisa ezinye zezici, noma linyamalale ebusweni Earth.

Darwin

Ngokokuqala ngqá igama elithi "emzabalazweni interspecific" sezwa kusukela usosayensi omkhulu uCharles Darwin. Kubalulekile ukuphawula lokho Asho ukuthini amazwi wathi. Darwin wakhuluma nangesinye umzabalazo khona ngomqondo ezibanzi ehilela. Yiqiniso, kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane nezitshalo encike ngqo kwi nomunye, kodwa ezikhathini izidalwa indlala aqale ukulwela nezisetshenziswa ubavumele ukuba ziqhubeke ziphila, futhi ukukhiqiza kabusha inzalo. Interspecies mpi kwenzeka phakathi kwabantu zinhlobo ezahlukene (isib, ibhubesi idube, juba undlunkulu). Esikhathini Isibonelo sokuqala, ibhubesi ungadla idube angaqeda baqede ukulamba kwabo, kulesibonelo yesibili, sathula ezimbili izinhlobo zezinyoni ukuthi lwa ukudla endaweni.

Kunezibonelo ezivela emhlabeni ngaphansi kwamanzi, kanye ukudliwa kanye indawo alwa ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi. Isici esibaluleke kakhulu ukunqoba - ukuzala. Labo izinhlanzi eziyizimbangela ngamanani amakhulu, manje noma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi icindezele omunye.

mncintiswano

Interspecies umzabalazo ukhona ngamaqembu amabili:

• Umncintiswano.
• ukulwa okuqondile.

Ifomu yokuqala esihamba phambili, ukuphikisana lapha manifest phakathi eziphilayo, okuyinto kahle inomthelela kwemvelo. Umzabalazo Interspecies, izimbangela zezinkumbulo okungase luhlukaniswe mncintiswano elifanayo izidingo begazi futhi kanjani ukuba babahlangabeze, futhi ihlukaniswe yaba:

• mncintiswano trophic.
• Ngezihloko.
• Lokuzaliswa.

Uhlobo lokuqala iboniswa, uma eziphilayo bayehluleka ngoba ukudla, ukushisa kwelanga, izakhi kanye umswakama. Ngokwesibonelo, abahlukumezi ezidla leyo nsimu efanayo, ukuncintisana nomunye, ziphenduke. Sinenkosi umqondo acute zokuhogela emehlweni, okwandisa isivinini running.

Uhlobo lwesibili kuboniswa phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo uma benza kuwo imvelo efanayo futhi engavikelekile izici ezifanayo abiotic. Lo mbono - isizathu esiyinhloko ekwenzeni ezincwadini okusinda ezimweni abampofu.

Ezalayo interspecies umzabalazo kuvamile izitshalo. Labo izinto ezithatha umbala futhi iphunga, nethuba elikhulu ukuze athole impova izinambuzane.

ukulwa ngqo

Uma, ngesikhathi soMqhudelwano eziphilayo zingqubuzane ngokungaqondile, ie esebenzisa izici biotic noma abiotic, umzabalazo oqondile ezahlukene Ukungqubuzana abantu ngqo. Kukhona lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• Ukulwisana izici biotic.
• Ukulwisana izici abiotic.

Uhlobo lokuqala kuhilela umzabalazo ukudla, kanye nokwenzeka ukukhiqizwa kabusha, ukuthi futhi ihlukaniswe yaba trophic futhi zokuzala. Esimweni sokuqala sikhuluma ngobudlelwano phakathi kwezitshalo kanye ezidla uhlaza, abahlukumezi futhi edla inyama empumalanga, njalo njalo. Lolu hlobo landile interspecies emzabalazweni intraspecific lubonakaliswa ifomu nobuzimu. Ngenxa yalokho, i-izitshalo baqale lokuzivikela ngosizo kwameva, ubuthi nezindlala nokunye okunjalo. Izilwane bakhiqiza izindlela ukuzivikela (okusheshayo egijima, ngomuzwa ojulile iphunga emehlweni, ukugcina yokuphila ezifihliwe ...), futhi uma sikhuluma ekulweni namagciwane, izivikeli mzimba ukhiqiza.

Uhlobo lwesibili kungabonakala nasemkhakheni izinyoni lapho zingqubuzane evulekile nomunye ithuba ukuzalela kule ndawo futhi ukukhiqiza ukudla ngesizukulwana sabo.

Ngezinye izikhathi akulula ukunquma umncintiswano noma ukulwa eqondile embuzweni. Umahluko phakathi kwalokhu okubili kunzima kakhulu ukubamba ngempela. Kukhona omunye umehluko: lapho ukuncintisana eziphilayo olwisana ababambelele futhi emzabalazweni oqondile bacabangisise nomunye.

Isichibiyelo imfundiso kaDarwin

Sibukeze izinhlobo interspecies emzabalazweni, okuyinto afakiwe nase-eziyinkimbinkimbi ingqikithi umzabalazo khona. Kubalulekile wazi ukuthi Darwin asinikeze le nqubo ngenxa yalokho, okubangelwa ukuphikisana phakathi isifiso zokugaya angenamkhawulo futhi kwemithombo yemvelo elinganiselwe. Kodwa ososayensi ukutadisha theory esikhathini esizayo, wenza ukulungiswa: umzabalazo okubangelwa hhayi nje endaweni elinganiselwe noma ngenxa yokuntuleka kokudla, kodwa izilwane ezidla ezinye ngokweqile nolaka.