Yini lihlukile gymnosperms angiosperms? Umahluko omkhulu

Gymnosperms (Latin Gymnospérmae.) Futhi angiosperms, noma izimila eziqhakazayo (Magnoliophyta lat.) - lawa amaqembu amabili ahlukile zombuso isitshalo (Subkingdom izitshalo ngaphezulu), kokuvela zilandelana ukuvela nemvelo. Badlala indima ebalulekile impilo yale planethi, okwenza esembozweni sawo oluhlaza.

Ezinye amalungu ala maqembu manje yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele kanye imali ezimbiwa phansi kukhona isigaba. Manje Emhlabeni kukhona holographic, futhi angiosperms. Kukhona umehluko agcwele amaqembu amabili.

umsuka

Umsuka kanye nobudala - main, okuningi ezahlukene kusukela gymnosperms angiosperms. Gymnosperms - iqembu isitshalo eziphilayo lwasendulo. Zikhona emhlabeni nge kwesikhathi Devonian (inkathi Paleozoic), kuba iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-370 edlule. Kukholakala ukuthi ka-imbewu Izinhlobo (Latin Pteridospermae.) - izitshalo ngokuphelele yokuqothulwa kanye yezicathulo eziningi zazo ngokuvamile atholakala inhlabathi we Devonian Late futhi Cretaceous Early.

Eziqhakazayo, noma angiosperms uvele iminyaka eyizigidi 120-150 edlule, ngesikhathi umngcele Jurassic futhi Cretaceous (Mesozoic Era) futhi ngokushesha lwehla uvalo sesimweni evelele emhlabeni. Kukholakala ukuthi okhokho babo kwakuyimindeni gymnosperms lasendulo.

Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye namafomu ukuphila

Gymnosperms Inani cishe 1000 eziphila okwamanje ngemvelo. Okunye amalungu aleli qembu seziqothuliwe ngokuphelele, futhi ngokuvamile zitholakala ngu kwezazi ngefomu wezinsalela zamandulo. ifomu ukuphila - izihlahla ezihlale ziluhlaza nezihlahla, nemivini redkovstrechaemye. UMnyango gymnosperms emelelwa namakilasi amaningana:

1. Sagovnikovye: sawo cycad, Stanger mammoth, Boven et al.
2. Bennettitales Williamson nilsoniopteris (isigaba ngokuphelele yokuqothulwa).
3. Gnetalians: horsetail ephedra, velivichiya mirabilis.
4. Ginkgo: ginkgo biloba.
5. AmaConifers: sonwele fir, pine, umjunipha, umsedari, kanye nabanye.

Kuyaphawuleka okuhlukahlukene - yilokhu ehlukanisa angiosperms kusukela gymnosperms. Angiosperms, kukhona kwezinhlobo ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 300 -. Abangaphezu kwesigamu zonke izitshalo planethi. Zikhona efomini imithi emihle, izihlahlana, utshani zisetshenziswa kanye ngonyaka, imivini. ngezigaba wabo zingafani futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okuyilezi:

• Class Monocots:

Imindeni:

Izinhlamvu: rye, i-oats, ukolo, nabanye.

Liliaceae: lily, Tulip, garlic, u-anyanisi, njll

• Class Dicotyledons:

Imindeni:

Solanaceae: amazambane, ugwayi, solanum, Datura, Hyoscyamus et al.

Asteraceae: sunflower, Mugwort, dandelion, iJerusalema i-artichoke, njll ..

Izitshalo: kabhontshisi chickpeas, uphizi, ubhontshisi kanye nabanye.

Cruciferous: iklabishi, isithombo, isithombo, itheniphu, njll

Rosaceae: rose, wavuka, Rowan, Cherry et al.

izitho zokuzala

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi angiosperms futhi gymnosperms - uhlaka ukuzala. Iqembu lokuqala imbali e esibelethweni akha imbewu (izithelo) emva kokukhulelwa. It siqukethe le stamens - wobulili izitho wesilisa, pistil - insikazi isitho sobulili (kuwo okuyokhulisa izithelo), nge Corolla iyizingxenye, le ayesisebenzisa kanye peduncle. Imbali kuhluke ijamo, umbala kanye umbala kuye ngohlobo lwesitshalo.

Ngo gymnosperms lo msebenzi wenziwa Ukuphunyuka Ushintshe - yinhlama ukuthi kungaba owesilisa noma owesifazane, okuyinto kalula yahlulelwe lingakanani. Kuyinto esikalini yayo ovules ukuthuthukisa, futhi kamuva kwakhiwa imbewu.

kokukhulelwa

Inqubo sokukhulelwa - kuyisihluthulelo, zihluke gymnosperms angiosperms. Ngo gymnosperms ulula. I impova izikhwama nokuvuthwa kancane kancane nangangesihlabathi impova, abese adluliselwe ku-gametophyte zesifazane. Omunye isidoda (gamete besilisa) impregnates kuphela iqanda elilodwa whereupon inzalo. Inqubo okuphuma e megasporangia noma ovules.

Ngo zezimbali kwenzeka ngendlela ehlukile. Lapha kukhona kokukhulelwa double yilokhu angiosperms zihluke gymnosperms. Kafushane, le nqubo iye yachazwa by Russian ososayensi SG Navashin e 1898. It uyaqhubeka kanje: ingaphakathi nangangesihlabathi impova ziqhume esibelethweni amabili isidoda ivundisa iqanda elilodwa kusukela lapho imbewu sikhula, kwesibili - iseli emaphakathi, futhi isishiya endosperm - ukunikezela kwezakhi ezingenzeka embungwini.

Ezemfundo fetus

Emva kokukhulelwa, izimila eziqhakazayo yakha izithelo - lokho angiosperms sihluke gymnosperms. izithelo ngembewu kumiswa kwenzeka ngaphakathi Ushintshe udonga esibelethweni. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi e lasungulwa iqhaza perianth, stamens futhi Calyx, konke kuncike uhlobo isitshalo. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuhamba amaminerali kanye organic izakhi ezikulesi simila buqondene izithelo ezingaba deplete kwezinye izicubu. Izithelo, kanye ukwakheka zezintaka angiosperms, elinesimo ezihlukahlukene amafomu.

Gymnosperms angiosperms zehluke yokuntuleka izithelo. imbewu yabo ezibekwe obala phezu Izigaxa izinhlayiya zeqhwa futhi lutho agodliwe. Nokho, banayo ezincwadini ekhethekile evumela basakaza olude.

ukusabalala

Indlela imbewu esiphelweni - simo kubalulekile zihluke gymnosperms angiosperms. Iqembu lokuqala le yindlela kuphela - ngosizo umoya. Ngakho-ke, imbewu unikezwe ezihlobene, ezihlobene kanye membranous isakhiwo iphiko emise. Movement of air uyakwazi basakaza imbewu enjalo amabanga amade kuka inikezwa yi ukunwetshwa kwendawo isitshalo.

Ngezindlela angiosperms ukusakaza imbewu wehlukile. Lokhu kwenzeka ngosizo lomoya, izinambuzane, izinyoni, ezincelisayo, naphakathi kwabantu. Ezinye imbewu slinging kanye neziqu ezingaba abambelele izingubo noma isilwane noboya ngakho bahambe amabanga amade. izithelo eziningi abe uginindela namanzi elimnandi, ezidliwayo ngoba abantu nezilwane, okuyinto kuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa imbewu.

Isakhiwo kwezicubu kokuqhuba

Idivayisi kohlelo conduction - okuhlukile kusukela gymnosperms angiosperms. Ngo izitshalo amadala ukuhamba emanzini futhi izakhi ezicutshini akuyona okukhulu. Uhamba liquid kancane uhambe tracheids - amashubhu ozwakala izindonga uqweqwe bok lumangaza perforated. Bayingxenye we xylem, futhi unikeze phezulu ukugeleza uketshezi - kusuka izimpande namaqabunga. Tracheids kuyabonakala uma uwabheka ngesibonakhulu.

Conduction simiso angiosperms uphelele ngaphezulu. Lezi zitshalo zaguqulwa ezitsheni tracheids. Lena tube eside kakhulu (ezinye imivini befinyelela amashumi amamitha), lapho okuthuthukisiwe uketshezi ukugeleza kanye nezakhi. Lesi sici kunomthelela ekwakheni Yiqiniso bakhuthele izinqubo eziningi ezibalulekile bokuphila ezikulesi simila: kumiswa chlorophyll, inqubo ye-photosynthesis, emishinini yokuphefumula.

izinzuzo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Gymnosperms khona Emhlabeni isikhathi eside kakhulu kuneminyaka angiosperms. Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, abazange izuzwe ukwehluka zezinto eziphilayo kanye namafomu eziyizici nezitshalo eziqhakazayo abasebasha. Uyini angiosperms umehluko kusuka gymnosperms? Ziyini izinzuzo baye bavumela ukuba athathe isikhundla evelele emhlabeni isitshalo planethi? Kukhona ezinye izikhathi eziye eliyindilinga ke, okuyilezi:

• ukubonakala yimbali ukuze izinambuzane, izitshalo avunyelwe ukwandisa amathuba impova;
• impova ezihlukahlukene ongakhetha;
• ovule esibelethweni zivikela umonakalo;
• kokukhulelwa double kwenza nombungu imbewu ukuze uthole ukudla okwanele nentuthuko yabo;
• izithelo namanzi inikeza ukuphepha elise ngaphakathi imbewu;
• izindlela zokwandisa imbewu ukusatshalaliswa;
• ukwehluka eziphilayo (izihlahla, utshani, amahlathi) ikuvumela ezazizogcwalisa niches emvelweni emikhulu;
• Isimiso semithambo yegazi luyaqina izitsha enza kubalulekile izinqubo eziningi bokuphila umzimba isitshalo.

Umahluko omkhulu. kafushane lokho

Ngakho, yini lihlukile gymnosperms angiosperms? Kafushane umehluko oyinhloko eliyingxenye kuwo womabili amaqembu kukhonjiswa ku Table.

Kwavela ngendlela kwemvelo, amadivaysi, ezifana ukuvikelwa imbewu, kokukhulelwa double, ezithutha impova izinambuzane, kanye okuthuthukile conduction uhlelo angiosperms avunyelwe anesikhundla evelele emhlabeni izitshalo zomhlaba.