Izindlela zomzimba Eyisisekelo. Isihloko kanye physiology inkinga

Yazi izici ukusebenza emzimbeni, zonke ingxenye yayo, isakhiwo, ukuze bakwazi ukuhlola futhi ukubikezela izinguquko nezifo - inselele enkulu bezempilo. Kukhona isayensi okhuluma isifundo semibuzo nje enjalo. Ibizwa ngokuthi izitho zomzimba. Kuyinto isayensi izinqubo ezihambisana ukusebenza evamile umzimba. Le mpikiswano iphathelene isikhathi eside, uHippocrates lokuqala babonisa isithakazelo ukusebenza eziphilayo izinhlelo. Namuhla, kunamabandla izindlela ezihlukahlukene sokutadisha zomzimba ezikusiza ngiqonda ngokugcwele la noma ezinye izindlela kanye nezici umzimba.

Lo mbono jikelele zomzimba

Kumele siqale nge umqondo jikelele. Physiology - isayensi umsebenzi ebalulekile yesambatho ophilayo, ubuhlobo baso izimo zangaphandle kwemvelo, umthelela isimo sempilo kanye ukusebenza evamile kwezitho izinhlelo. Ngokuvamile, umcondvo lobalulekile lokhu isayensi - ukuhlonza izindlela esikiselwa isidalwa esiphilayo, ukuze uqonde ukuthi ukuzithiba yakhe, kanye nazo zonke ezinye izinqubo.

Physiology okuyisihloko eziphilayo, ngoba kungenzeka ngakho ukuhlonza bonke abantu abanentshisekelo imithetho oyiyo futhi isebenze. Izinjongo isiyalo usukela ekuchazweni ngokucacile.

Ngakho, isihloko, izinjongo kanye nezindlela zomzimba - yezingxenye ezintathu izisekelo ezicatshangelwayo yesayensi. Ososayensi abaningi babe ngaso sonke isikhathi wazama yokuqonda lokho okushiwo yinkulumo emzimbeni, kuhlanganise umuntu, izinguquko. Nokho, kungenzeka ngempela ukuthi kwaba kuphela kokusungulwa amadivayisi yesimanje kanye nemishini, okungukuthi, ukuthuthukiswa egcwele isayensi kuphela oqala ekhulwini XX.

Lokhu akuzange kumvimbe ekubeni ukuba ngomunye wabaholi phakathi wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Physiology, nokwakheka imithi - eyala ezintathu eduze oxhumene okuyizinto isisekelo nomunye. Ngakho-ke, izindlela ukwakheka komzimba womuntu futhi izitho zomzimba kwezinye izimo ezifanayo.

zomzimba Amaforamu

Ngu uqobo, lokhu isayensi has eyala eziningana esebenzisana nayo. Ngakho, ukwaba zomzimba:

• jikelele;
• ngokuqhathanisa;
• zobumfihlo.

Ubude iye ukutadisha izinqubo ukuphila. Okungukuthi, abe anaka regularities ukusabela okuyizinto kuwukubonakaliswa ukuphila. Ngokwesibonelo, ukudla, emishinini yokuphefumula, kukhuthaza, imigomo, ushintsho sokulala futhi sihlale siphapheme, nabanye. Lihlanganisa isigaba, iseli izitho zomzimba, elibhekene nomse- isifundo eningilizayo yazo zonke lezi zako ezibalulekile.

zomzimba Comparative eliqhathanisa izinqubo zokuphila zohlobo olulodwa noma ezahlukene eziphilayo ezitholakala inqubo ontogenesis. Ngenxa yalokho, kanye akha lonke igatsha - zomzimba kwemvelo.

amadili Private nge ocwaningo oluthile emincane. Ngakho, kukhona izinketho eziningana for eyala kufakwe leli qembu.

1. izitho zomzimba womuntu, okuyinto study izindlela sizocabangela kamuva.
2. Physiology amaqembu ngabanye eziphilayo (izinambuzane, izinyoni, ezincelisayo, ezihuquzelayo, nokunye).
3. izitho ngamunye nezicubu.
4. Systems komzimba (physiology ukugaya, kwegazi, emishinini yokuphefumula, njll).

Ikakhulukazi ukuthuthukiswa olunzulu eminyakeni yamuva wathola isifundo abantu ngokuya isayensi. Kahle hle, umzimba wakhe yilona hlaka eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Izindlela izitho zomzimba womuntu abasakwazi ezihlukahlukene futhi ngempumelelo, ukukhomba zonke ezidingekayo ukuze uqonde okushiwo izinto. avelele:

• zomzimba Ubudala;
• amandla;
• yabasebenzi;
• ezemidlalo;
• isikhala;
• sokugembula;
• emtholampilo.

idatha ezihlanganisiwe lezi eyala ukusiza ukuba bamukele olungenamkhawulo zonke izinqubo ezenzeka ngaphakathi umuntu futhi uthole ukufinyelela ukuphathwa.

Izindlela Ucwaningo e-Physiology

Ngobani kukhona eziningana. Kukhona ngokomlando eziye zasetshenziswa ezikhathini zasendulo. Namuhla kwakhiwa futhi entsha, okusekelwe impumelelo zakamuva yezesayensi emkhakheni electronics, isifundo emisebeni kagesi.

Kukhona izindlela ezilandelayo izitho zomzimba.

1. Extirpation - enye yezindlela endala ukufunda. Luhilela ukususwa i isitho ngumphefumulo ophilayo ne observation obengeziwe ukusabela komzimba kanye nenkanuko edlulele imiphumela.
2. Fistula indlela. isisekelo Ezazimzungezile - esethulweni singene izidumbu kokuba amashubhu ingaphakathi metal noma plastic bese ngaleyo ndlela ukulungisa izinto eziwuketshezi begazi. idatha etholwe ngemvelo amakhemikhali ushintsho izinto, okuwukuthi uphenyo umsebenzi secretory zomzimba.
3. Catheterization indlela - ukwethulwa tube mncane ku izitho nezitsha izidakamizwa ekhethekile zibangela ushintsho esimweni ukusebenza. Ngakho sitadisha umsebenzi inhliziyo, imithambo yegazi, izindlala of uketshezi zangaphakathi nezangaphandle (akuzona zonke).
4. Denervation indlela. Isetshenziselwa ukuphenya ubudlelwano phakathi izinzwa nemizimba ukusebenza. Ngenxa yale njongo, indlela ukushukuma nge okwalandela nenkanuko edlulele imiphumela.
5. Izindlela ukutadisha izitho zomzimba, ngokusekelwe ukusetshenziswa amathuluzi kanye nemishini. Lokhu kuhlanganisa zokwakha izitho nezicubu of macro- futhi micronutrients, ukubhaliswa Izinzwa amaza, ukuchayeka emisebeni eyingozi, ukufundwa enhliziyweni nasebuchosheni, nokunye.

Ezinye izindlela ucwaningo izitho zomzimba, sithatha a eduze abuke. Bangabaholi Balisebenzisa kakhulu futhi ezibalulekile.

ukubukela

Lezi zindlela bokuphila yasetshenziswa kanjani eGibhithe lasendulo, eRoma, China, eMpumalanga Ancient. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, kwakunabamemezeli abacwaningi abanentshisekelo izinguquko ezenzeka ezintweni eziphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Egypt ngesikhathi mummification oFaro nemindeni yabo wawenziwa autopsies futhi fixed izinguquko esimweni sangaphakathi. Uhlolwa izimo ezifana nalezi:

• izinga Color nasoketshezini begazi futhi mass;
• umbala imizimba;
• sclera wamehlo;
• izinga nombala isikhwehlela;
• ukuvuvukala isikhumba, isimo sawo futhi turgor.

Lezi zimo zokuma abangu kuqhathaniswa nalabo abantu bephilile futhi sifika eziphethweni ezithile. Mhlawumbe-ke ngisho usethe, kwezinye izimo imbangela yokufa komuntu.

Namuhla, observation angilahlekelwe ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa psychophysiology. Ukuziphatha kwabantu, imizwelo yakhe, ubuntu, ukubonakaliswa sangaphandle liqhaqhazela, ukujuluka - zonke lezi zici ethize ekutadisheni izinsimbi. Zenza ukusula ubuhlobo lwesakhiwo futhi ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle izinkomba ezahlukene imisebenzi bokuphila, icubungula emzimbeni.

Imfundiso kaZiqu-Ubumnene lomuntu yasungulwa usosayensi Pavlov kusekelwe Ukutadisha okusithiyayo futhi excitation, okuyinto ngaphandle nibonakala kuzibonakalisa olwalusikisela ezahlukene obungokomzwelo ukuziphatha futhi indlela esisabela ngayo lapho izenzakalo ezithile, amazwi, nezenzo zakho. Akabanga ukuthi ngesisekelo ukubonakaliswa choleric, sangvistichnogo, melancholic futhi phlegmatic eqinisweni izinqubo kwemizwa ephathelene nomsebenzi engqondo zobuchopho, ukusabela yayo.

Le miphumela ziye ngokuphindaphindiwe waqinisekisa ososayensi ezahlukene nezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo, abacwaningi. Ngakho-ke, lezi zindlela zomzimba womuntu like observation sokuhlola, okuzoxoxwa okwengeziwe, futhi kwakukhona efanele, kubalulekile futhi ngempumelelo.

experiment

izindlela zokuhlola lapho kutadishwa zomzimba okuyisidingo futhi ngokomlando endala kakhulu futhi ethandwa. Ngempela, iyiphi enye indlela ukufunda, uma ungaziboni? Ngakho-ke, kuhlanganise nalokho okwashiwo kuyenziwa ahlukahlukene izinhlobo zovivinyo, ikakhulukazi izilwane. Banikwa yi cishe ephelele ezifundweni ukuthola idatha enokwethenjelwa kakhulu.

Kukhona izindlela zokuhlola sokutadisha nokwakheka izitho zomzimba, sehliselwe amaqembu amabili ayinhloko.

1. ucwaningo olunamandla. Le ndlela yocwaningo lasetshenziswa kwaze ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XIX, lapho usosayensi Russian Ivan Petrovich Pavlov asitholanga okunye okukhethwa kukho. Yayiyini okushiwo nokugxambukela emzimbeni? Ukuhlolwa wenziwa umzimba ophilayo wesilwane kuboshelwe umshini othize. Khona-ke kwenziwa vivisection kuya wayefisa isitho izifundo futhi ngaleyo ndlela eqoshiwe imiphumela waphawula yomsebenzi wakhe. Nokho, izinkinga eziningi eziphawulekayo wenze le ndlela ukungasebenzi kahle. Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi kwabathile ingxenye zokuziphatha kuba esinonya futhi ononya, ngoba isilwane ahlukunyezwe neyesabekayo, sokuhlushwa ukuhlinzwa ebuhlungu kakhulu, akuzange kusize ngisho izinzwa, ngakho ngaphezulu kanye ukuhlupheka ngokomzwelo, ubuhlungu ngokomzimba olutholwa isisulu sokuhlola, kakhulu wahlanekezela imiphumela. Kuyinto umjikelezo omubi. Ukuze uthole ukuthi umzimba wakho, kufanele zibangele ukuhlupheka. Nazo ngokufanayo, baphendukezele inkambo evamile izinqubo bokuphila, futhi umphumela waba yini kahle.
2. experiment Okungalapheki. Kuyinto le ndlela futhi wasikisela Pavlov. wayengumuntu ngokumelene ucwaningo acute ngenxa nesihluku kakhulu, mhlawumbe lokhu amyisa kokusungulwa kukho nomusa ngaphezulu. Zezilokazane test kwaba futhi isilwane. Nokho, inqubo wathatha ehluke indawo. Ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa, ubunjalo kuhlinzwa we izinzwa qualitative. Khona-ke, e-oyifunayo isitho odongeni fistula implantable - ngamapayipi plastic noma insimbi okuyinto sutured isikhumba kusukela ngaphandle. Ngemva kwalokho, izilwane banikwa isikhathi sokusukuma, ukuphulukisa isilonda futhi kwakhiwa kulesetayelekile ngokugcwele izinqubo zokuphila. etholwe Ngakho ngokusebenzisa ulwazi fistula mayelana inkambo izinqubo ezihlukahlukene engxenyeni uphenyo yomzimba, ngesikhathi olunembile ngempela, njengoba umsebenzi umzimba ngendlela evamile. Kwakuba nezifundo ezinjena kwenziwe isikhathi eside, ngaphandle kokubukela phansi kwemfuyo kanye ngokuhambisana nayo yonke imithetho khona zemvelo.

Kanjalo zomzimba eziyisisekelo izindlela zokusebenza, siphelelwe isikhathi kwezinye izimo, futhi kuze kube namuhla. Nakuba Yiqiniso, esimanjemanje emisha technical kancane kancane azixoshe ngokuphelele ukuphazamiseka ngqo emzimbeni kumuntu. Manje umuntu angakwazi ukuthola ulwazi oludingayo ezihlukene kakhulu, kancane ubuhlungu, esinembile futhi efanelekayo izindlela abantu wena.

ukubhaliswa ingcaca

Izindlela izitho zomzimba womuntu esekelwe ngokuqondile ku nokusetshenziswa kwemishini ethile. Phakathi zinsizakuphila hlala ebalulekile kanje.

1. ECG. I ezisetjenziswako zokuthola inhliziyo isinyathelo nekhono. Ngenxa yalokho nomkhiqizo zedivayisi letidvwetjwe iphepha electrocardiogram, wazi ukuthi ngochwepheshe decrypts futhi uphetha ngempilo ezisekujuleni kwenhliziyo futhi isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi. Kuze kube manje, le divayisi uye wasindisa ukuphila kwezigidi zabantu. Phela, lo ukuthola esifike izinkinga - ukhiye eyinhloko yokwelashwa okuphumelelayo.
2. Microelectrodes. Isakhiwo kulencane ezingaba itshalwe ngqo ulwelwesi cell futhi ukulungisa isenzo ezingaba khona. Namuhla-ke ingenye kwentuthuko ezibaluleke kakhulu electronics okhuluma izifundo bokuphila emzimbeni womuntu. Lezi electrode Ungaqala ngisho ubuchopho bomuntu esenza ukuba bagcine futhi irekhodi izinguquko isimo zengqondo of impilo nokuphila.
3. izindlela zomzimba Radionuclide - esetshenziswa ukuthola izici ambalwa of izinqubo bokuphila.
4. izinzwa ezihlukahlukene ukuthi ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana amagagasi kagesi. Ukusabela obuyela emuva ngesimo pulses kagesi iqinile idivayisi ekhethekile - oscilloscope - bese adluliselwa kukhompyutha ukuze kusetshenziswe. Kube kwenzeka kakade ukucutshungulwa eningiliziwe ulwazi kanye ifomu iziphetho. Ngakho kungenzeka ukusetha lokuhlushwa chemical ion ahlukahlukene, inani ingcindezi, izinga lokushisa, ezinyakazayo kanye nemingcele).

Ngakho, isayensi yesimanje izindlela zomzimba esekelwe ukusetshenziswa kwamadivaysi, kukhona inembe kunazo, ngaphandle kobuhlungu, ezesayensi kanye ulwazi kuzo zonke siye okuxoxwe ngawo ngenhla.

Chemical nezindlela kwamakhemikhali

nokwakheka zomzimba izindlela akuzona efana nomunye kuphela. Babuye exhunywe ne neminye imikhakha yesayensi. Ngakho, kukhona yemvelo izitho zomzimba, oyisazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo, izitho zomzimba kanye ngokomzimba. Lezi isayensi ukutadisha izinqubo phakathi nomzimba kusukela ngombono wakhe, okuyi ne zamakhemikhali, ngokomzimba futhi yemvelo.

Ngakho, ngokusebenzisa lezi zindlela esunguliwe umphumela into (neurotransmitter, ama-hormone, enzyme) ku izinqubo ezenzeka emzimbeni. Chemistry kusiza ekwabeni izakhiwo lokhu kwakwakhe, i-physics lembula imingcele yayo thermodynamic ezingase zibe nomthelela emzimbeni. Physiology kudinga ukutadisha umthelela hhayi kuphela inqubo ethize, kodwa futhi ngokuvamile emzimbeni, umzimba kanye nesethi izimo zangaphandle. Zizonke, lezi eyala ehlangana ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi eziphilayo Chemistry.

Izindlela Physiology sokugembula

Izindlela kuncike futhi izitho zomzimba ezihambelana eduze futhi kuncikene ku nomunye imiqondo. Nokho, isayensi evamile ukuthi etadisha eziphilayo enempilo - akusiwona wonke. Kukhona pathophysiology, noma sokugembula esibheka kokunikezwa kwe-izinqubo ezibalulekile, amakhanda enkambweni yabo, umphumela emzimbeni sisonke ngamunye kwegunya layo, nokunye. Ngakho-ke, lokhu isiyalo ungena awayo ngazo kungenzeka ukufunda izindaba siyachazwa.

Ziyini lezi izindlela zomzimba?

1. Awokuzenzisa. Ngamaqembu amabili: ku into ephilayo nokufunda ngaphandle kwesibeletho, okungukuthi uhlelo ngokomzimba yokufakelwa. Ukuze umfuziselo inqubo pathogenic ka usebenzisa ikhompyutha noma izibalo ephepheni. Futhi ngokuvamile ukusetshenziselwa lokhu ezivamile logic okutholakele futhi kufinyelelwe iziphetho ezinembile. Imodeli ngokuvamile esakhiwe ngesisekelo idatha ezicatshangelwayo zezinkolelo-yisiphi isihloko.
2. ukuhlaziywa theory. Ngokusekelwe idatha etholwe (ophilayo) izifundo laboratory impahla, ithiyori nalolwakheke kahle. Kuhlanganisa izimpendulo eqinisekile emibuzweni ethi: "Yini engalungile isiguli inqubo isifo Kuyini kanjani isimo sayo kanye kwenkululeko ithonya Yini zokulawula zilungele kulokhu ukuyeka ???"
3. izifundo zokwelapha. Ubopha indlela, okuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ukuba khona kwabo bonke abanye. Phela, kukhona ulwazi theory ngesisekelo umtholampilo lesiguli. Ukuze le ndlela isebenzisa amasu ahlobene:

• kwamakhemikhali;
• chemical;
• ngokomzimba;
• histochemical;
• morphological;
• izibalo kanye nolunye.

Kuphela ngesisekelo impahla atholakala ngokusebenzisa zonke izindlela, udokotela ungenza Ihlahlubo linqume ukwelashwa.

yemifino zomzimba

Kuyinto isayensi ukuphila umsebenzi (ukusebenza) zezitshalo eziphilayo. Sikhuluma zonke izinhlobo zokuphila kusukela unicellular aphakeme, kuhlanganise ulwelwe. Izinjongo Plant Physiologists zimi kanje:

• cabanga futhi ukukhomba izindlela wokusebenza isitshalo;
• ukusungula izisekelo ezicatshangelwayo yethuba photosynthesis ezimweni yokufakelwa;
• ukwakha imodeli ibonisa ukuthi okushiwo izindlela yokuthola ezithela eliphezulu izitshalo ezibalulekile.

Yiqiniso, umsebenzi akulula. Phela, izitshalo - lezi izinto eziphilayo, lapho wonke amakhulu ukusabela kwamakhemikhali yesibili, kanye mathupha, zenzeka. Physiologist kufanele sihlole iphuzu ngalinye kubo. Izitshalo ukuphefumula, okuphakelayo, afeze inqubo ye-photosynthesis, nande, ikhule futhi ziphenduke - izinhlobo ezivamile zokuphila zabo bonke izidalwa eziphilayo. Ucwaningo zonke lezi izinqubo - umsebenzi physiologists.

Xazulula inkinga ye-photosynthesis ezimweni yokufakelwa - kusho ukunikeza abantu ukufinyelela umthombo omkhulu engaba kwamandla. Phela, uma indlala emhlabeni uzonyamalala, izinga lempilo kuzokhulisa kakhulu. Kodwa kuze kube manje lubhuntshile ukuxazulula le nkinga, nakuba eziningi nezindaba sezixazululiwe emkhakheni izici photochemical yenqubo.

Izindlela kwale sayensi

Plant zomzimba eduze izungezwe isayensi elandelayo yesimanje:

• i-biotechnology;
• molecular biology;
• genetic engineering;
• Biophysics;
• Cell Engineering.

Njengoba ungacabanga, lokhu kubonakala endleleni lapho lokhu kuhlola zezitshalo eziphilayo. Ngakho, izindlela ze-physiology lezi zitshalo.

1. Ukulima.
2. Izindlela ukukhanya electron spectroscopy.
3. Electrochemical.
4. Opto-acoustic.
5. Chromatographic.
6. Spectrophotometric.

Kusobala ukuthi bonke ahloselwe yokulinganisa izinkomba zezinombolo: ukukhiqiza, isisindo, ukukhula, ukuthuthukiswa, imiphumela ngepulasitiki ne amandla umzimba. Ongaxazulula izindlela ezinjalo? imisebenzi yezolimo ebaluleke kakhulu, njenge:

• zizalela isitshalo;
• ukuthola izinhlobo heterosis;
• izingeniso;
• acclimation;
• nokuklanywa izinhlobo;
• ngenkasa yokufakelwa;
• Plant ukutshalwa isikhala.

Ngakho, isitshalo zomzimba - kwenye isayensi eyisisekelo begazi, edlala indima ebalulekile yokuphila komuntu.