Isihloko isayensi kwezomnotho, indlela kanye izigaba yentuthuko

Chaza isihloko isayensi kwezomnotho ngokuhamba lasungulwa nokuthuthukiswa kwaba kungabonakali ngokushesha. Ukuchaza lokhu umqondo ngamagama ambalwa akunakwenzeka. Ayikho incazelo emfushane akazivezi okushiwo waziqonda kwezomnotho nesayensi imihlola.

Isihloko isayensi kwezomnotho kunqunywa abacwaningi ezahlukene ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ungaveza izincazelo ezifana "imisebenzi ehlobene exchange kanye zokukhokhelwa ngezimali," "ukuphila ibhizinisi nsuku zonke, ngesikhathi lapho impilo ekhishwe kanye nokusetshenziswa yabo", "ukuziphatha abantu lokukhiqiza, ukusabalalisa exchange kanye ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezinelungelo uhlamvu izimpahla" kanye pr.

Nobunzima ekutholeni into kwale sayensi alichaza yokuthi ubudlelwane kwezomnotho kukhona eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi okwakuthandelene izikhathi eziningi, isikhathi ngasinye okuholela izinhlobo qualitatively entsha ubudlelwano. Bahlanganisa izigidi zabantu, izinkampani, izimboni, imikhiqizo, izinsizakalo kanye namanani.

Isihloko isayensi kwezomnotho ekuqondeni abacwaningi Western sehliselwe isifundo imihlola kanye nencazelo amaqiniso i nature kwezomnotho: izimakethe imali, ubudlelwane credit, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi, izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali, funa, ukuthengisela, inzuzo, njll Kulo mongo, sitadisha ubudlelwano phakathi kulezi zinkanyezi nokuncika komunye nomunye zabo bobabili.

Okwamanje, ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe ukhangwa cwaningo yamanani womuntu, okuyinto zihlobene inqubo okuthiwa yemvelo ukuzithiba wokuphila, imithetho nokuxhumana womuntu nemvelo kanye medium impahla. Lokhu kuholela yokuthi into wesayensi yezomnotho iqala kumelwe lithathwe njengoba ezinye izinguquko.

Umuntu ukuphila kwakhe akakamtholi umthombo imithombo ongashi ongayisebenzisa ukuqinisekisa izimpilo zabo siqu, kuba sixhomeke kakhulu lokho imvelo inikeza ke. Ukulinganiselwa kwemithombo yemvelo umphakathi ubeka izinkomba ukukhetha umsebenzi, kanye izindlela ongasebenzisa ngazo nezisetshenziswa ezitholakala kuye ebukhoneni kwenkathi ethile. Izindlela ukuxazulula lezi zinkinga isihloko ezomnotho.

Indlela Yokwenza wesayensi yezomnotho - isayensi izindlela zalo. Ngesikhathi sigaba samanje isayensi kwezomnotho has a ezahlukene izindlela ezisetshenziselwa ekuqondeni ezingokoqobo kwezomnotho. kwamiswa Lezizindlela kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, oqala Aristotle Heraclitus, wabeka isisekelo umbono dialectical zomhlaba. Lesi simiso namanje kabanzi isayensi kwezomnotho ocwaningweni yayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lisebenzisa izindlela ezifana ekutadisheni sezomnotho izinqubo imihlola ubuhlobo nokuthuthuka kwabo, njengoba zamagama kanye nokuhlaziywa, imali ebanjwayo kanye lokungeniswa, sokuthi isenzo siba nomphumela, futhi delineation we okushiwo izenzakalo ngokwabo, ukuhamba umcabango kusukela abstract ukuba ukhonkolo, nabanye abaningi.

Nokho, ezomnotho has izindlela eziqondile futhi izifundo ezibangwa izinhloso ezithile izinto kwenqubekela-phambili kwezesayensi. The main isimiso sezomnotho isifundo esiphathelene amaqiniso, futhi benganikezwa nezimfundiso priori. Ukuze wenze lokhu, lisebenzisa ethile ukutadisha amasu, ngezigaba amaqiniso omele futhi enokwethenjelwa, zamagama abo kanye nokuhlaziywa, amaqiniso elihlanza kusuka ngephutha futhi inessential. Ngesisekelo lesi siphetho, imithetho kwezomnotho kanye tinkhulumo.

Izigaba yentuthuko ezomnotho ngokuvamile zingancishiswa izinkathi emine:

1. ukuthuthukiswa Oku-yesayensi (kufika ku ngekhulu le-18)
2. Umsuka ezomnotho (1750-1870 biennium).
3. Ukutholwa nokuthuthukiswa izimiso eziyisisekelo eyinhloko ezomnotho (1870-1930 biennium).
4. Modern ucwaningo theory kanye nentuthuko (kusukela 1930).

Izigaba main yentuthuko umcabango kwezomnotho - kuyinto mercantilism, classical wezomnotho kwezombangazwe (the Physiocrats, School emakethe), umnotho zezombusazwe kaMarx nakwezomnotho umugqa (neoclassicism futhi neokeynsianty).