Zokuxhumana Quantum asebenzayo - incazelo, izici amaqiniso athakazelisayo

quantum physics inikeza indlela entsha ngokuphelele ukuvikela ulwazi. Kungani-ke kudingeka, ngaphandle manje akunakwenzeka ukwakha wokuxhumana ephephile? Yiqiniso, unga. Kodwa amakhompyutha quantum zidalwe, futhi okwamanje lapho beba ikuyo yonke indawo, yesimanje ukubethela algorithm kukhona alunamsebenzi, njengoba lezi computer anamandla lungaqhekeza nabo a uqhekeko wesibili. ukuxhumana Quantum ikuvumela ukuba ngemfihlo Imininingwane usebenzisa izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya - izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo.

La ma-computer, ufinyelela isiteshi quantum, ngandlela-thile, kuzoshintsha Isimo semvelo samanje ikhasi lesikhwama sasekhaya. Futhi ukuzama ukuthola ulwazi umonakalo omkhulu. Ijubane ukudluliswa kwedatha, yebo, lingaphansi iqhathaniswa nezinye iziteshi ekhona njengamanje, ezifana izingcingo. Kodwa ukuxhumana quantum ihlinzeka eliphakeme kakhudlwana sokuphepha. Yiqiniso, a plus elikhulu kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi ezweni lanamuhla, lapho ubugebengu be-intanethi liyakhula usuku nosuku.

zokuxhumana Quantum ngokuba "dummies"

Lapho nephuphu iye lwaludlula ngu yocingo, esikhundleni salokho, esikhundleni yocingo umsakazo. Yiqiniso, namuhla, ayiyanga ndawo, kodwa kube nobunye ubuchwepheshe besimanje. Eminyakeni nje eyishumi edlule, i-Inthanethi wayengekho okwandile njengoba kunjalo nanamuhla, kanye nokufinyelela wahluleka ukuthola kunzima ngempela - Kwakudingeka aye internet amakilabhu, ukuthenga amakhadi eqolo, njll Namuhla, asihlali ihora elilodwa, futhi babheke phambili Inthanethi khulula .. 5G.

Kodwa uma entsha okuxhumana ejwayelekile ngeke ukuxazulula izinkinga ezibhekene inhlangano ukushintshanisa kwe-data usebenzisa i-Inthanethi, thola idatha kwi-kumasathalayithi lamalokishi kwamanye amaplanethi, nokunye .. Konke lokhu kwaziswa kumele avikelwe. Futhi hlela it, ungasebenzisa okuthiwa izihibe quantum.

Kuyini zokuxhumana quantum? Ngoba "Dummies" kuchaza lesi simanga njengoba uxhumano ezahlukene quantum izici. It iqhubeka ngisho nalapho izinhlayiya bahlukana elide. Ifakwe futhi kudluliswa kusetshenziswa quantum izihibe ukhiye, ayinikeli ulwazi kubaduni eyigugu, abazama nokunciphisa ke. Zonke bathola - kungcono ezinye izinombolo njengoba isimo uhlelo lokungenela zangaphandle, ke siyoshintshwa.

Kodwa ukudala umhlaba kuhlulekile ukuthumela idatha uhlelo, njengoba ezimbalwa kuphela amashumi amakhilomitha, isiginali buphelile. I-satellite, umkhankaso ngo-2016, kuzosiza ukusebenzisa icebo quantum ukhiye ukudluliswa ibanga ezingaphezu kuka 7 ayizinkulungwane. Km.

Imizamo yokuqala ngempumelelo ukusebenzisa uxhumano olusha

Iziphakamiso eziyisisekelo lokuqala indlela yokubhala efihla incazelo quantum yatholwa ngo-1984 Namuhla, lobu buchwepheshe iye yasetshenziswa ngempumelelo komkhakha wamabhange. izinkampani abaziwayo waqala ukunikela cryptosystem yabo.

Quantum zokuxhumana isixhumanisi wenziwa indinganiso fibre optic ikhebula. Ngo-Russian isiteshi kuqala evikelekile kwathiwa sandwiched phakathi linezingxenye "Gazpromabanka" eNew Cheryomushki futhi Inkomo kushaft. Ubude Imininingwane kuyinto 30,6 km, ukudluliswa amaphutha zenzeka ukhiye, kodwa amaphesenti abo incane -% 5 kuphela.

China umkhankaso wezokuxhumana satellite quantum

satellite enjalo wokuqala emhlabeni wethulwa China. Rocket Long Mashi-2D umkhankaso ngo-August 16 2016, nge cosmodrome Tszyu-Quan. 600 kg satellite kuyoba impukane engu-2 ubudala ukuba orbit ilanga-zokuvumelanisa, ukuphakama 310 amamayela (noma 500 km) ngaphansi "quantum ucwaningo ngezinga elingelikhulu cosmic." Ukusakazwa inkathi apharathasi emhlabeni Umhlaba ilingana amahora nesigamu.

Isethelayithi zokuxhumana quantum ngokuthi Micius, noma "Mo-Zi", behlonipha sefilosofi, owaphila AD V leminyaka futhi, njengoba kukholelwa kanjalo ngokuvamile, owokuqala kwenziwe ucwaningo optical. Ososayensi bayahamba ukutadisha indlela singabanjwa quantum bese ubamba teleportation quantum phakathi satellite laboratory ETIBET.

Lesi sakamuva okuhambisa isimo quantum ye kuyizinhlayiyana by ibanga kusengaphambili. Ukuze ukugcwaliseka le nqubo udinga pair of ohileleke (ngamanye amagama, xhumanisa) izinhlayiya ukuthi kukhona kude komunye nomunye. Ngokusho quantum physics, bayakwazi uthwebule ulwazi mayelana nesimo umlingani, ngisho nalapho wena kude nomunye. Kungenzeka ukuthonya kuyizinhlayiyana, esemgwaqweni isikhala esijulile, abasebenza umlingani wakhe, ngubani olandelayo egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela.

I-satellite kuzodala izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya ezimbili ohileleke futhi uyithumele Earth. Uma ukuhlola kuphumelela, kuyoba ukuqala kwenkathi entsha. Kwamenywa lezi iziphuphutheki uzokwazi hhayi kuphela ukunikeza ikuyo yonke indawo-quantum Inthanethi, kodwa futhi quantum nezokuxhumana isikhala nemizana azayo Mars kanye enyangeni.

Kungani sidinga bangane

Kodwa kungani sidinga satellite quantum zokuxhumana? Ingabe kumasathalayithi ezivamile ekhona akwanele? Iqiniso lokuthi la iziphuphutheki ngeke ithathe isikhundla isimiso. Isimiso yokuxhumana quantum iwukuba encode futhi uvikele iziteshi idatha ezivamile ekhona. Ngosizo lwawo, isibonelo, vele lunikeza ukulondeka ngesikhathi ukhetho ePhalamende ngo-2007 e-Switzerland.

ucwaningo engenzi nzuzo Battelle Memorial Institute, ekhipha exchange kolwazi phakathi Amahhovisi e-US (Ohio) futhi e-Ireland (Dublin) usebenzisa noma izihibe quantum. isimiso sayo sisekelwe ukuziphatha izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya - izinhlayiya eyisisekelo ukukhanya. Ngosizo lwabo, ulwazi kufakwa ikhodi eyisivikelo futhi ithunyelwa uya khona. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ngisho umzamo olunembile kakhulu ukugxambukela, ushiye uphawu. Quantum ushintsho ukhiye kuyokwenzeka ngokushesha, futhi hacker Uzame ukuthola lophawu lutho. Ngakho-ke, bonke labo idatha ngocansi nge imigudu yokuxhumana, akunakwenzeka nokunciphisa noma ikhophi.

I-satellite kuzosiza ososayensi ukuhlola ukusatshalaliswa ukhiye phakathi esiteshini phansi kanye satellite uqobo.

zokuxhumana Quantum e China luzoqala ngokusebenzisa fibre optic izintambo, ubude ingqikithi 2 ayizinkulungwane. Km bese kuhlanganiswa inchumbi emadolobheni 4 kusuka Shanghai ukuze Beijing. Uchungechunge izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya unomphela ayikwazi ukudluliselwa, futhi mkhulu ibanga phakathi kweziteshi, ayanda amathuba okuba ulwazi uzobe ezilimele.

Ngemva kokuya ibangana, ke attenuates isibonakaliso, futhi ososayensi, ukuze silondoloze ukudluliswa lesifanele idatha, udinga indlela eyobonisa buyekeza ngemva km 100. Esikhathini izintambo kufezwa ngokusebenzisa izakhi kungase kutholakale, okuyinto ihlaziya ukhiye ukopishelwe izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya entsha futhi asigcini lapha.

Umlando omncane

Ngo-1984, uJean Brassard of Montreal University noCharles Bennett ka-IBM wasikisela ukuba izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya ingasetshenziswa indlela yokubhala efihla incazelo kwesiteshi evikelekile ayisisekelo. Base bemisa isikimu okulula ukuhanjiswa okhiye quantum cryptographic, ethiwa BB84.

Leli cebo isebenzisa isiteshi quantum phezu okuyinto Imininingwane idluliselwa phakathi kwabasebenzisi ezimbili ngesimo athuthukisiwe quantum uthi. Wakuva hacker yabo ungazama ulinganise izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya, kodwa akakwazi ukukwenza, njengoba kuboniswe ngenhla, akuyona abenze ukuhlanekezela. Ngo-1989, i-Research Centre of IBM Brassard noBennett ngikudalile lokuqala ukusebenza quantum isimiso somhlaba cryptographic.

Kuyini e quantum optical uhlelo cryptographic (Cox)

Basic tehharakteristiki Coke (iphutha Izinga, idatha isilinganiso, njll) ichazwe ngu nemingcele isiteshi ukwakha izakhi akha sokudlulisa walinganisa uthi quantum. Ngokuvamile Coke siqukethe ethola bese bedlulisela izingxenye ezixhunywe ukudluliswa siteshi.

Izinto ezinemisebe zihlukaniswe 3 amakilasi:

• lasers;
• microlasers;
• ukukhanya-likhipha diodes.

Ukuze isignali optical ukudluliswa naphakathi isetshenziswa njengophawu LED fibre optic, ezihlanganiswe izintambo of design ehlukene.

Nature zokuxhumana ekusithekeni quantum

Ukudlulisa emsindweni ovela lapho ulwazi ngocansi ufakwe pulses nezinkulungwane eziningi zokukhanya amasignali lapho omunye ishayela, ngokwesilinganiso, banayo esingaphansi ubunye quantum imithetho kusebenze. Kuyinto ukusetshenziswa le mithetho kuya indlela yokubhala efihla incazelo classical uvumela ukufinyelela zobumfihlo.

Ukungaqiniseki Isimiso Heisenberg esetshenziswa amadivaysi quantum-cryptographic futhi ngenxa yakho, noma yimiphi imizamo ukushintsha ohlelweni quantum ekwenzeni ushintsho, futhi ukwakheka ezibangelwa nesilinganiso ezinjalo, ohlangothini eyamukelayo kunqunywa njengoba amanga.

Ingabe quantum indlela yokubhala efihla incazelo 100% isiqinisekiso ngokumelene ukugqekeza?

Okwazekayo inikeza, kodwa izixazululo lobuchwepheshe ayithembeki ngokuphelele. Kubaduni aseqalile usebenzisa ugongolo laser, ngazo dazzle imitshina quantum, okwathi ngemva kwalokho kuphele ukuba baphendule lo quantum izakhiwo eziningi zokukhanya. Ngezinye izikhathi asetshenziswa imithombo multi-albhamu yezithombe, futhi abahlaseli ungathola ithuba ukudlula omunye wabo futhi ukukala ezifanayo.