Castle of Insterburg: incazelo, umlando, amaqiniso athakazelisayo

I-Castle of Insterburg isendaweni yaseKaliningrad. Idolobha laseChernyakhov, ngaphezu kwe-castle, linikeza izakhamuzi ezinokuzikhethela amasonto amabili amadala, umbhoshongo wamanzi omdala kanye nethuba lokuzwakalisa izakhiwo zaseJalimane ezigcinwe kahle.

Incazelo

I-Castle ye-Insterburg (iKaliningrad) ingenye yezakhiwo ezindala kunazo zonke ezisendaweni yesifunda. Lesi sakhiwo sibuyele ekhulwini lama-14, inqaba yokhuni yakhiwe ngo-1336 ngezidingo ze-Teutonic Order, inkosi eyayiyi-Dietrich von Altenburg ngaleso sikhathi. Inqaba yokhuni yafakwa esikhundleni sensimbi.

I-Castle Insterburg ibhekisela ezakhiweni zokuzivikela, ezizungeze ikhono lokuzivikela kangcono zacutshungulwa, zagcwala ngamanzi. Ukugeleza kwamanzi njalo kwahlinzekwa yiziqongo, lapho izinsiza zemifudlana emibili encane ziqondiswa khona. Ukwakhiwa kwaqhutshwa amabutho ase-Prussian abathunjwa ngaphansi kobuholi be-Order.

Ngonyaka owodwa isakhiwo sokhuni sashintshwa yinto eyodwa, umlando awuthule, ngokuqinisekile waziwa ukuthi le nqaba yayichithwa kabili. Isikhathi sokuqala kwenzeka ngo-1376, lapho izindonga zenkangala ziwela ngaphansi kwengcindezi yebutho lempi yaseLithuania iSverdiak. Ngokwesibili inqaba yabhujiswa futhi yatshiswa cishe iminyaka eyikhulu, ngo-1457, phakathi nokusebenza kwempi phakathi kwamadolobha asePrussia. Izindonga zawa futhi zavuselelwa, futhi isisekelo, esakhiwe ngamatshe amakhulu asendle, sahlala singenakulinganiswa, sisalokhu sigcinwe cishe ngendlela ephawulekayo.

Injongo

Iyini i-Insterburg Castle ekuqanjweni kwayo kwasekuqaleni? Okokuqala, lokhu kuyisakhiwo sokuzivikela, esakhiwe ukuvikela izindawo eziqothiwe kusukela ekuhlaselweni kwabantu baseLithuanians. Ngaphezu kwemigomo yempi, yayiyindawo yokuhlala ngokuhlanganyela kwamajoni we-Teutonic Order, ebizwa ngenkonzo yokuvikela imingcele nokuqhuba imisebenzi yempi ukuze ithathe amasimu amasha.

Izakhiwo

I-Castle Insterburg iyinkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo, ezakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-citadel kanye ne-forurb. Isiqhingi sasihlala ngamalungu e-Order. Isakhiwo sinesimo sebala elivaliwe ngokuphakama kwamapulangwe amabili. Ngokwesiko, izindonga zinyene, ngaphandle kwemicibisholo kanye nokuvuleka kwamafasitela. Ingxenye yangaphakathi yesikhulu sendawo yindonga enomthombo. Igumbi elingaphansi kanye nesisekelo esincane se- bastion senziwe ngamatshe agwetshiwe okusetshenziselwa ukukhwabanisa, izindonga zakhiwe ngokuphindaphindiwe kusuka ezitini ezingasusiwe. Ezingeni elingaphansi kwe-citadel, izinyathelo ezincane zanikezelwa ukugcina ukuzivikela. Ukuqhuba ukubhekwa kwezwe futhi ukumelana nesitha kungakhuphuka odongeni, lapho kuqhutshwa khona isisindo esiyindilinga (vergang). Umbuthano wokuphatha wezempi wawuhlanganiswe nophahla oluphansi lwegable. Umnyango owodwa wendawo yasendlini wawusempumalanga.

Isikhala esiseduze sase -burg sasivikelwe yizindonga ezinamandla eziphinda ukuphinda kusetshenziswe indawo yezintaba. Kule ngxenye yenkimbinkimbi yenqaba kwakukhona iqoqo lamabutho. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukungena esakhiweni se-forburg kusukela esitezi sokuqala, ukungena kwakungaseceleni kwesigodlo. Ngaphezulu kwesiteji sokuqala kwakukhona amangqamuzana abazalwane, axhunywe yingxenye yangaphakathi. Amakamelo omhlangano kanye nesonto lalikhona ezakhiweni ezimbili ezisenyakatho futhi kwakukhona izakhiwo ezimbili.

Castle Towers

Ukuqinisa ukuzivikela, i-forburg yayinemibhoshongo eyenza imisebenzi ye-sentinel nempi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babehlome ngamaseli ejele, futhi egumbini elingaphansi komunye wabo kwakuyiziboshwa. Esimweni esibucayi, amasosha angaphuma emgodini ongaphansi komhlaba. Wahola esuka embhoshongweni osenyakatho, wagijimela ngaphansi komkhumbi wezinqaba waholela ababaleki emfuleni.

Amandla enkampanini yayingamadoda angamakhulu amabili. Umbhoshongo ongasenyakatho-mpumalanga we-forburg wawunezinhlaka ezine-octagonal, manje kuphela isisekelo saso. Umbhoshongo osenyakatho-ntshonalanga ubizwa ngePainturm, wawungumjikelezo, wawubhubhisa kakhulu phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, futhi kuma-70s wawunqotshwa, njengokungathi wonke u-Castle of Insterburg. Umlando uthi kulo mbhoshongo kwakukhona amahora ngokulwa nensimbi enkulu. Enye - eningizimu-ntshonalanga - umbhoshongo wawungumkhulu kunabo bonke, isakhiwo sawo sasihlanganisa ibhuloho eliphakamisayo nesango eliyinhloko elaholela enkingeni.

Inqaba yabhujiswa kancane kancane: ngo-1684 izakhamuzi zakubona kuzo zonke izikhazimulo zayo, futhi kakade ekhulwini le-19 lonke lahlala umbhoshongo owodwa kuphela, izindonga zabhujiswa.

Amakhosi nama-fitters

Emlandweni walo, i-Insterburg (castle) yaba yisiphephelo sokuhlonipha ubukhosi basebukhosini naseYurophu. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1704 ezindlini zalo uPole Czartoryski omkhulu nomndeni wakhe befihlekile. Ekhulwini le-17, amalungu omndeni wasebukhosini avame ukuyivakashela, isikhathi eside iNdlovukazi yaseSweden uMaria Eleonora yayihlala enqabeni, eyayikukhula okusheshayo kwengqalasizinda yasemadolobheni kanye nomnotho.

Eminyakeni elandelayo, fleur yasebukhosini yanyamalala emakhanini, kanti iNqaba ye-Insterburg isibe yindawo yokusebenzisa okungaphezulu. Kwaphela amakhulu amabili eminyaka (18 no-19) ensimini yenkimbinkimbi kwakukhona indawo yokugcina impahla yempi, izinkantolo zenkantolo nezomhlaba, phakathi nempi noNapoleon - i-infirmary kanye neminyango. Ngesabelo ngasinye esisha senkimbinkimbi, i-Castle Insterburg yakhiwa kabusha, esakhiwe nezakhiwo zezomnotho. Maphakathi nekhulu le-19, kusukela ebuhleni obudala, izindonga, isisekelo nombhoshongo wePainturm zahlala zingapheli isikhathi sonke. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, njengoba abacwaningi bevuma, izindonga zokuzivikela zaqedwa njengezingadingekile.

I-Insterburg (castle) emva kweMpi Yezwe Yomhlaba yayiqhutshwa izikhungo ezimbili. Ezindaweni zasemakhaya i-museum ye-lore yendawo yavulwa, i-forburgh yahlala enkantolo yomhlaba. Ngesikhathi sokulwa, ngo-1945, lezi zinkimbinkimbi zonakaliswa ngomlilo futhi zinyuka. Ngesikhathi sempi emva kwesikhathi sompi, ibutho lempi labekwa ezindaweni zokuhlala, futhi ngo-1949 kwaqhamuka umlilo esigodlweni. Ngenxa yalokho, izindonga zangaphandle zazisinda, izikhala zangaphakathi, uphahla kanye nezansi zashiswa ngokuphelele. Lokhu kwaba ukuqala kokuhlaziywa kwe-forburg, izitini zithunyelwa ngaphandle ukubuyisela ingqalasizinda eLithuania. Ngawo-1950, izakhiwo ezisele kanye nensimu zadluliselwa emalini e-DCS No. 1. Ukuhanjiswa okulandelayo kwenkimbinkimbi yenqaba kwenzeka ngo-2010, iNqaba ye-Insterburg manje isaphansi kwegunya le-ROC.

I-House House-Castle

Ngo-1997, iqembu labantu abathandekayo lafika e-Castle Insterburg. Umlando wenqaba wathola ukuqhubeka kanye nethemba lokuvuselela. Kusukela ngo-1999, inhlangano izuze isimo somphakathi ongeyona inzuzo "Indlu-Castle". Umsebenzi omningi wenziwa, ngakho-ke, ngonyaka ka-2003, i-NGO yathola ithuba elisemthethweni lokuba yedwa umsebenzisi wesikhumbuzo somlando.

Ngo-2006, ngenxa yemizamo yabathintekayo bezinhlangano, inkimbinkimbi yenkambiso yayihlanganisiwe ohlelweni lwezemvelo lokuvikela amagugu omlando "Amasiko aseRussia". Izimali ezinikezwe ngaphakathi kohlelo lohlelo zenze umsebenzi wokulondolozwa, wenze izifundo eziningi zesayensi, udwebe iphrojekthi kanye nokulinganisa imibhalo yokubuyiselwa kwetshe lesikhumbuzo.

Imisebenzi

Ukubamba iqhaza ohlelweni lombuso lume ngokuphathelene nokudluliswa kwenqaba kumnikazi omusha. Phakathi nomsebenzi wenhlangano ethi "Indlu-Indlu" yokulondoloza nokwandisa umlando we-Castle Insterburg, lokhu okulandelayo kwenziwa futhi kuqhubeka ukusebenza:

• Isikhungo sezokuvakasha nezinsizakalo zolwazi.
• Indawo yokufundela izingane.
• Ama-Workshops asetshenzisiwe kwezobuciko kanye nesikhungo se-culturology.
• Umbukiso Wamamlando Wendawo Yomlando. Izinto zokwakha mayelana nokuthuthukiswa komuzi zihanjiswa, i-diorama yempi ye-Gross-Egersdorf yakhiwe.
• I-laboratory yomlando isebenza njalo.
• Igalari yezobuciko kanye nenkundla yezinhlangano.

Umphakathi "House-Castle" uqhuba uchungechunge lwezinhlelo zomhlaba wonke ezihlose ukuxazulula izinkinga zemfundo nezamasiko. Kodwa okokuqala amalungu omphakathi azama ukulondolozwa nokubuyiselwa kwenqaba yaseTeutonic, ukuqoqa ulwazi mayelana nokuhleleka nobufakazi obubonakalayo bokuhlala kwakhe enqabeni. Ezinyathelweni zocwaningo lwabo, izingqungquthela zesayensi nezisebenzayo zihlelwe, eziheha abantu abaseNtshonalanga ye-Insterburg.

Isimanje

Kuze kube manje, i-Castle Insterburg eyinkimbinkimbi isesimweni esingenakheni. Umsebenzi wokubuyisela awukwenzi, kepha lokho okusinda akupheli. Izivakashi zingalinganisa ubukhulu bezakhiwo ezindongeni ezisendlini ze-citadel, ezinye zifinyelela ukuphakama kwazo kwasekuqaleni.

Esimweni esanelisayo kukhona izakhiwo zezomnotho ezilondolozwe engxenyeni eseningizimu yinkimbinkimbi. Ukuzulazula emahholo enqabeni yasendulo ngeke kuphumelele, bamane abazange bahlale. Kodwa lapha ungabona imigwaqo eveziwe, ngokwengqondo ukwakha imibhoshongo ngaphansi kwesakhiwo esingaphansi, uzwe izindaba eziningi mayelana ne-Teutonic Order, ujwayele umsebenzi wendawo yomphakathi "House-Castle".