Ulimi lwesi-Welsh: umlando nezici

Ulimi lwesi-Welsh lunye lwezincwadi zeCeltic zeqembu laseBrithani. It is ikakhulukazi yasakazwa ingxenye western ukuphatha of Great Britain, okungukuthi, eWales, lapho abantu abangaba ngu-659 abayizinkulungwane basebenzisa le nkulumo.

Umlando wemvelaphi nokuthuthukiswa

Kuyaziwa ukuthi lolu limi lwaqala ukwakha kusukela ngekhulu le-VI, futhi isisekelo salokho kwakunguBrithani. Igama layo livela egameni elithi Walha, elisho "inkulumo yomunye." Isikole sokuqala nemfundiso yesiWalentshi yasungulwa edolobheni lase-Aberystwyth ngo-1939. Esikhathini sethu, sekuvuliwe izikhungo ezingaphezu kuka-500, lapho ukuqeqeshwa kuqhutshwa ngokuphelele kuKimry (njengoba abathwali ngokwabo babiza kanjalo).

Izibonelo zokuqala zombhalo ezibhalwe ngazo ulimi lwesiWelsh, singakhuluma ngokuphepha izinkondlo zikaTaliesin kanye nenkondlo ethi "Hododin" ngumbhali u-Aneirin, owachaza impi ye-600th phakathi kwama-Northumbrians namaCelt. Usuku oluqondile lokuhlanganiswa nokuqoshwa kwale miisebenzi alukwazi kunoma ubani. Kuze kube yilapho bebonakala khona, yonke imisebenzi yombhalo etholakala ensimini yezwe yabhalwa ngesiLatini.

Izinketho zokusebenzisa

Ukukhuluma ulimi lwesiKimr lanamuhla ngomqondo obanzi, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi lihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukuhlangana nokubhala. Okukhethwa kukho kokuqala kusetshenziswa enkulumweni engakahleleki yansuku zonke, esheshayo ithuthuka futhi ithuthuke ngaphansi kwemigomo yezwe lanamuhla. Izinguquko ezinkulu kakhulu zenzeka ngesilulumagama: ukunyamalala kwamazwi okukhomba izinto ezingasetshenzisiwe, futhi, ngokuphambene, ukufika kwezinkulumo ezintsha, ezifanele.

Ulimi lwesiNgisi lwamarekhodi lusetshenziselwa kokubili ezimweni ezisemthethweni nasezincwadini ezisemthethweni. Uhlala eseduze nokuhumusha iBhayibheli ngo-1588.

Ukubheka

Ulimi lwesiWalld kunzima ukubiza ngokuthi lufile, ngoba esikhathini sethu kuneziteshi eziningi ze-TV neziteshi zomsakazo ezisakaza i-Welsh ngokugcwele noma ikakhulukazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izincwadi ezinyathelisiwe zanyanga zonke nezinyanga zonke zishicilelwa ezweni, futhi izincwadi ezingaba ngu-500 zinyatheliswa ngonyaka. Izingane ezineminyaka engama-5 no-16 zifunda isiNgisi isiNgisi ezikoleni njengenhloko kulo lonke lolu hlelo.

Ngo-2001, ngemuva kokubalwa kwabantu, okubonisa ukwehla kwesilinganiso sezakhamuzi ezikwazi ukukhuluma isiWelshi, umkhandlu welulwimi waqedwa. Esikhundleni salokho, ukuthunyelwa koKhomishinari welimi lwesiWelshi kwaziswa. Umsebenzi walo oyinhloko ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwamaWalents njalo. Imisebenzi kaKhomishini isekelwe ezimisweni ezimbili:

• Ulimi lwesizwe lweWales kumele libe nemibandela yokusebenza ezingeni ngeNgisi;
• Ukutholakala kwemithombo yezokuxhumana ku-Welsh, okuyinto abantu abayoyenza, uma befisa, sebenzisa.

Owokuqala ukubamba lesi sikhundla kwakunguMnu . Hughes, owayekade esekela iphini lomqondisi wekhansela lomlimi. Ngonyaka owodwa uMkhandlu kaZwelonke wadlulisela umthetho ngokusho ukuthi isikhungo sibophezelekile ukuba senze imisebenzi hhayi ngesiNgisi kuphela, kodwa futhi ngesiWelshi.

Inombolo yemidiya

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, inxenye yabantu basebenzisa ulimi lwesiWelshoni ekukhulumisaneni kwansuku zonke, futhi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu inani lezikhulumi seliye lafinyelela ku-20%. Ukubala kwabantu ngo-2001 kubonise izibalo ezilandelayo: Abantu abangu-582 368 bakwazi ukuxhumana ngesiWelshi, nabantu abangu-659 301. Ungakwazi ukufunda ngesiWalents bese ulisebenzisa enkulumweni yobumbano neyibhaliwe. Cishe abayizikhulumi ezingu-130,000 bahlala eNgilandi, ingxenye yayo ehlala e-Greater London. Izibalo zonyaka ka-2004 kubonise ukuthi abantu abakhuluma ulimi lombuso banda ngabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-35.

Ihlaziya futhi igxile

Naphezu kokuthi iNgilandi, i-Wales, i-Ireland neScotland yizingxenye zombuso owodwa, izilimi zazo ezisemthethweni zihlukile kwezinye. Ake sibuyele ezihlukahlukene ekusetshenzisweni kwenkulumo yesiWalentshi. Ulimi lwezincwadi alukho izinkulumo eziningi ezihlukahlukene njengama-colloquial. Lokhu kuchazwa ukuthi inkulumo yansuku zonke isetshenziswe kaningi kakhulu kunkulumo ehlelekile, ngokufanele, ingxenye esebenziseka kakhulu izokhula. Ngenxa yalokho, akukhozinguquko eziphawulekayo ezibhekwa ngolimi lokubhala.

Izingxoxo ezikhulumisana zihlukaniswa eningizimu nasenyakatho. Ukungafani phakathi kwabo kunqunywa ngohlelo lwesigama, amagama nesilulumagama. Thatha, isibonelo, isichazamazwi sePatagonian Welsh, esakhiwa ngo-1865, ngemuva kokuthi abantu baseWelshel bathuthele e-Argentina. Le nkulumo ibolekise amagama amaningi aseSpanish, echaza izici zendawo.

Izici ezijwayelekile

Ulimi lwesiKimrian igama elithi "Welsh" esivamile kithi, elifana negama elithi Cymru (Wales), lifundwa ngokuthi "kemeri". Kungokomndeni wase-Indo-European, uhlelo lokubhala izinhlamvu zesiLatini. Abantu abakhuluma isiWelshanda bangatholakala kwezinye izindawo zamazwe afana ne-Argentina (ikoloni yasePatagonia), i-USA, Canada, Scotland, New Zealand, Australia naseNgilandi. I-Wales yindawo lapho lolu limi lunezimo ezisemthethweni.

Isisekelo sencwadi kwakuyizinhlamvu zesiLatini, inani lezinhlamvu ezingama-28. Izincwadi ZesiZulu J zisetshenziselwa ukuboleka iziNgisi: i-jaj, i-jam, njll. Imisindo yolimi lwesiKimr iyinhlangano yezilwane zaseYurophu, isibonelo, izithulu zezithulu. Ngokuqondene nokucindezeleka, egameni le-polysyllabic bawela esihlakalweni esiphezulu.

Isihloko-isisombululo- ukufakazela-isicingo sokugunyazwa kwezingxenye zenkulumo emshweni. Amafomu wezenzi nama-particle preverbal asetshenziselwa esikhundleni sezimemezelo ezimagatsheni ezingaphansi.

IsiNgisi sase-Welsh sinendlela yokubala engamashumi amabili nantathu, okungukuthi, igama lamazwi angu-40 ukusuka ku-Welsh kuya kwisiRashiya lizohunyushwa ngokuthi "izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili", futhi, isibonelo, 39 liphenduka "okungamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye neshumi amabili". Le ndlela isetshenziselwa ngokuyinhloko ukukhombisa iminyaka kanye nezinsuku, kwezinye izimo isistimu yesimanje yedesimali isetshenziswa.