Ukwenza izingcaphuno, izibonelo. Imithetho yokwakhiwa kwenkulumo eqondile kanye neziqu

Amakhophi akwazi ukuhlobisa umbhalo, eqinisekisa noma ekhulise umqondo ovezwe ngumlobi, ngakho-ke, mhlawumbe, asetshenziswe ngokuzithandela kokubili kwe-journalism nemisebenzi yesayensi. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi isingeniso sombhalo wesicatshulwa singabangela ubunzima ngokwezimpawu zokubhala.

Kulesi sihloko, sizozama ukukhumbula imithetho yokwakhiwa kwamacaphuno ngezindlela ezahlukene zokuzifaka ematheksthini. Ake sikhumbule ukuthi iziphi izimpawu zokubhala okufanele zisetshenziswe kulokhu, kanye nezindlela zokugqamisa amagama emibhalweni ekhonjiwe.

Kuyini impendulo: isibonelo

Ukucaphuna ukuveza okuyikho okukhulunywe ngakho, kuyilapho kungaxhunyaniswe ngokungaqondakali ngencazelo yombhalo, lapho le ndima ihlanganisiwe khona.

Iminyaka yobudala, ngaphezu kwakho konke, okuhlangenwe nakho okwanele ngesikhathi sokuphila. Njengoba uFaina Ranevskaya omkhulu wathi: "Ukukhumbula kukhona ingcebo yokuguga".

Ukuhlanganiswa kwezindima eziningana ezivela ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomsebenzi ngokucaphuna eyodwa akuvumelekile. Kufanele ifomathiwe njengezingcaphuno ezihlukile. Imfuneko ephoqelekile ukuba khona kwenkomba yomthombo wayo.

Uma indawo oyilethayo ayiqali ngokuqala kwesiphakamiso sokuqala, bese kucaphuno kukhona i-ellipsis. Esikhundleni samazwi wonke angabanjwanga endimeni, lesi sibonakaliso sifakwa futhi.

"Umuntu ohlakaniphile uyakwazi ukuphuma esimweni esinzima, kodwa umuntu ohlakaniphile akaze angene kuwo," kusho uRanevskaya.

Njengoba kuboniswe umbhali noma umthombo wendima ecashunwe

Ngeke sikhulume ngokuthi umbhalo wombhalo wezincwadi we-bibliographic ulungiswa kanjani, kodwa sizoxoxa ngezindlela umlobi noma umthombo wabathintekayo aboniswa ngayo. Imithetho enhle yokuziphatha ifuna ukuthi wenze lokhu njalo uma usebenzisa umcabango womuntu.

Ngakho-ke, uma ufuna ukufaka isixhumanisi emthonjeni noma ubhekise isibongo sombhali ngokushesha emva kwekhothethi, khona-ke kuyamukelwa ukuwafaka kubakaki.

"Abantu abangenalutho banamathemba ekuphethweni okungaqondakali nezigaba" (uDavid Dunning).

Qaphela ukuthi iphuzu ngemuva kokucaphuna kule nguqulo ayifakwa, lifakwa kuphela ngemva kokuxhumana! Ngendlela, uma igama lokuqala ku-parentheses elibonisa ukuthi umthombo alilona igama lalo, khona-ke kubhaliwe ngencwadi encane.

"Abantu abangenalutho banamathemba ekuphethweni okungaqondakali nezigaba" (kusukela kusihloko sesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uDavid Dunning).

Uma ukuklanywa kokucaphuno kwombhalo kudinga igama lomlobi noma umthombo ukuba athathwe kwelinye umugqa, khona-ke kubhaliwe ngaphandle kwamabhakethi nezinye izimpawu zokubhala. Futhi emva kokucaphuna ngokwalo, ichashazi noma noma yikuphi uphawu oludingekayo kufakwa.

Abantu abangenalutho banamathemba ekuphethweni okungaqondakali nakakhulu.

UDavid Dunning

Umthetho ofanayo usebenza nakuma-epigraphs.

Ukunikezwa ngaphakathi kwezingcaphuno

Uma kukhona okushicilelwe kombhali kule ndima ecashunwe njengengcaphuno, zigcinwa ngendlela efanayo nomthombo wokuqala. Ukwakhiwa kwamacaphuno akudingi ukugcizelela okukhethekile ukuthi lezi zimpawu zingezomlobi. Ezimweni lapho umuntu obalayo efuna okuthile, kumele enze umbhalo ophansi ohambisana naye. Ukuze wenze lokhu, amabakaki akhombisa: "amatshe ami" noma "agcizelelwe yimi" - bese ufaka ama-initials.

A. I-Startsev yakhuluma ngomlobi O. Henry: "Wanikwa isipho ngesipho esingavamile ukuze abone ukujabula ... wabhekana nokuphila okubuhlungu ... kodwa ezimweni eziningi wayekhetha ukuthula (ama-myalics - II)".

Umlobi uphinde ubeke ama-initials esimweni lapho kunesidingo sokwengeza izincazelo ezithathwe kwikhothethi.

"Isiko lombhalo, ohlanganisa amagama abo (uGogol no-Ostrovsky - II), kubalulekile. Phela, u-Ostrovsky ekuqaleni wayebhekwa njengomsebenzi oqhubekayo womsebenzi kaGogol ... "

Izindlela lapho okubalwe khona kufakwa khona kumongo

Izicaphuno zingangena emgqeni njengenkulumo eqondile. Kulezi zimo, izimpawu zokugcina izimpawu ngolimi lwesiRussia zifakwe ngendlela efanayo nokunikezwa kwenkulumo eqondile.

I. Zakharov ugcizelele: "URanevskaya wanyamezela izincazelo ezinonya kwabanye, okubukeka njengezinqumo zokwahlulela. Kodwa akazange azibekezelele noma kunjalo. "

Ezimweni lapho ukucaphuna kufanele kuhlukaniswe ngamazwi omlobi, kubonakala kanje:

"Inkosi yakhe inethemba ngokuphelele," kubhala i-A.S. I-Pushkin A.Kh. Benckendorff, - ukuthi uzosebenzisa amakhono akho amahle kakhulu ukuze udlulisele embusweni inkazimulo yezwe lakithi ... "

Uma i-quotation ihlanganisa, noma ifakwe engxenyeni engaphansi kwesigwebo esiyinkimbinkimbi, khona-ke akukho zibonakaliso ngaphandle kwamaphuzu, futhi iscaphuno ngokwayo siqala ngencwadi encane, noma ngabe ibhaliwe ngencwadi enkulu:

Ngesinye isikhathi isazi sefilosofi uJokie Locke sathi "akukho lutho engqondweni engayikuzwa."

Amaphuzu okugcina amaphuzu ekugcineni kwesitatimende

Ngokuhlukile, udinga ukucabangela ukubhala isicatshulwa encwadini ezimweni lapho kudingeka khona ukucacisa amaphuzu okugcina amaphuzu ekupheleni kwalo - ngaphambi nangemva kwamaphuzu.

• Uma inkulumo ecashunwe iphelile nge-ellipsis, uphawu lokubuza imibuzo noma lokumemeza, khona-ke ibekwe phambi kwamaphuzu:

UCatherine Hepburn wamemeza: "Ukulalela yonke imithetho, uzilahla injabulo eminingi!"

• Futhi esimweni lapho kungekho khona izimpawu phambi kwamamaki okucaphuna, ekugcineni komusho ichashaza, kodwa kuphela emva kwazo:

U-Ranevskaya wakhala: "Iminyaka engu-85 isifo sikashukela - hhayi ushukela."

• Uma lesi sisho siyingxenye yesigatshana esingaphansi, khona-ke iphuzu ngemuva kwamamaki okucaphuna kufanele afakwe, noma ngabe kakade linalo iphuzu lokumemeza, noma uphawu lombuzo noma i-ellipsis:

UMarlene Dietrich ukholelwa ngokufanele ukuthi "ububele bubufakazi obuhle kakhulu bothando kunezifungo ezithandekayo kakhulu ...".

Ingabe i-lowercase noma i- acronym incwadi ekuqaleni komcaphuno?

Uma ukucaphuna kufakwa ngemuva kwekhaloni, kuyadingeka ukuba unake ukuthi iyiphi incwadi eyaqala emthonjeni. Uma kusuka encwadini ephansi, khona-ke ukucaphuna kubhaliwe ngomncane, kuphela phambi kombhalo i-ellipsis:

Ukuchaza i-A.S. Pushkin, I.A. U-Goncharov wagcizelela: "... ekuziphatheni okuhambisana nenkulumo yakhe, kwakuyisivimbelo somuntu wezwe, ophethwe kahle."

Uma le nkulumo ecashunwe iqala ngenhlamvu enkulu, khona-ke umdwebo wokukopisha ufana nenkulumo eqondile - enombhalo omkhulu emva kwekoloni.

V.Lakshin wabhala ngo-A.N. U-Ostrovsky: "Kuningi okuqhubeka kuzwakala kule midlalo ngenjabulo ejabulisayo nobuhlungu, ephendula emphefumulweni wethu."

Amanye ama-nuances amaningi amakhodi wokucaphuna

Futhi ukuthi ungabeka kanjani ukucaphuna, uma kubalulekile ukuletha igama elilodwa noma inkulumo eyodwa kuphela? Ezimweni ezinjalo, igama elicashunwe lifakwe emaqhulwini futhi lifakwe emshweni ngencwadi encane:

U-V. Lakshin wagcizelela ukuthi abantu abasemidlalweni ye-Ostrovsky banembile ngokomlando futhi "banemibono ethnographical."

Ezimweni lapho umthombo wesicatshulwa awutholakali ngokukhululekile (akukho ukuhumusha ngesiRashiya noma lena inguqulo engavamile), ke uma ukucaphuna kufanele kuboniswe: "cit. By ».

Kungenzeka yini ukuthi ushintshe into ekhonjiwe

Ukuklanywa kwamaphuzu akudingi kuphela ukuhambisana nemithetho yokubhala, kodwa futhi nesimo sengqondo esifanele kumbhalo okhonjiwe. Ngokwengxenye yomlobi we-athikili, lapho lezi zindatshana zinikezwa khona, kuphela ukwehluka okumbalwa kusuka esimweni sabo sokuqala kuvunyelwe:

• Sebenzisa isipelingi sesimanje kanye nezimpawu zokubhala, uma indlela yokubhala nokubeka izimpawu akuyona uphawu lwesitayela ngasinye somlobi;
• Ukubuyiselwa kwamagama abhaliwe, kodwa ngesiphetho esibophezelekile sengxenye kubakaki abesikwele, ngokwesibonelo, i-sv-in-kwesokunxele;
• Ukwakhiwa kwezingcaphuno kuvumela nokushiywa kwamagama ngabanye kubo, ngokubizwa kwendawo yokuhamba nge-ellipsis, uma lokhu kungaphambukisi incazelo ejwayelekile yendima ecashunwe;
• Ekufakweni kwegama elihlanganisiwe-amagama noma amagama angakwazi ukushintsha icala labo, ukuthi kungabikho ukwephula isakhiwo somdwebo wegama lapho bahlanganisiwe khona.

Uma umbhali edinga ukuveza isimo sakhe sengqondo kumbhalo ocashunwe noma amanye amazwi akhe, uvame ukubeka uphawu lokubuza imibuzo noma lokumangala phakathi kwabazali abathintekayo emva kwabo.

Akuzona kuphela iziphumlisi ngolimi lwesiRussia okufanele zisebenze ukuthumela isaphulelo

Ngomsebenzi womlobi wezesayensi noma wokubhala womlobi, i-quotation iyindlela ekholisayo neyokucubungula evumela ukuthi unikeze amaqiniso kumfundi, ukuyihlanganisa futhi, nakanjani, ukuqinisekisa umqondo wakho ngokubhekisela kwimithombo yokugunyaza.

Ematheksthini angenasayensi, ukucaphuna ngokuvamile kuyindlela yokuthinta ngokomzwelo. Kodwa akumelwe sikhohlwe ukuthi le ndima kufanele ihanjiswe ngokunembile. Phela, ngisho nencazelo yomqondo wokuthi "ukucaphuna" kugcizelelwe ukuthi lokhu kubhaliwe okushiwo umbhalo. Futhi kulokhu kulandela ukuthi akukona kuphela umbhalo ngokwawo, kodwa futhi izimpawu zokubhala izimpawu ezitholakale kumlobi, kanye nokuqothulwa ayenayo, kufanele ziphinde zenziwe ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.

Futhi lokhu kungabonakala ngokufanayo nakwezincwadi zombili ezisemthethweni kanye nokucaphuna ngokomzwelo okuvela emaciniso. Ukukhumbula lokhu kuphela, ungaqonda ngokugcwele lokho okushiwo yi-quote. Isibonelo sesimo sengqondo sokucophelela kokuqukethwe okukhulunywe ngakho okokuqala kuhloniphe umbhali obhale imigqa owucacile.