Isiphuku engenhla Zomhlaba: ukwakheka, izinga lokushisa, amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Isiphuku Emhlabeni - ingxenye geosphere, elise phakathi kuqweqwe ekujuleni kwenhliziyo. Kuyinto ingxenye enkulu yonke impahla yale planethi. Ucwaningo isiphuku ayibalulekile kuphela ngokuya ukuqonda Sakhiwo sangekhatsi Earth. Kungase ezisikhanyisela ukwakheka iplanethi, ukunikeza ukufinyelela zezinyoni ezingavamile futhi compounds, ukusiza ukuqonda indlela lokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nokunyakaza amapuleti lithospheric. Nokho, ulwazi mayelana ukwakheka kanye nezici isiphuku akulula. Ukuze ushone ekugxileni njengoba ejulile njengoba nje abantu abazi kanjani. Isiphuku Umhlaba manje wafunda ikakhulukazi besebenzisa amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba. Futhi ngo-sekulingisa egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela.

Isakhiwo Umhlaba: isiphuku, umongo kanye uqweqwe

Ngokusho imiqondo yesimanje, isakhiwo wangaphakathi kuyiplanethi yethu ihlukaniswe izingqimba eziningana. Top - igxolo ke walala kuye isiphuku sakhe sokuthunjwa futhi core Earth. Amagxolo - igobolondo kanzima, okuyinto sihlukaniswe ngu wasolwandle kanye nasemazweni. Isiphuku Umhlaba uhlukaniswe ngasemfudlaneni okuthiwa umngcele Mohorovicic (okuthiwa seismology Croatian, sona sasungula amanye indawo yayo), okuyinto libhekene i ukwanda ngokushesha in the velocity longitudinal of amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba.

Isiphuku imayelana 67% of mass kule planethi. Ngokusho idatha yamuva, zingahlukaniswa zibe izingqimba ezimbili: phezulu futhi phansi. Isendlalelo lokuqala isehlane njengoba Golicyna noma isiphuku yesibili, okuyinto zone ushintsho kusukela phezulu kuya phansi. Ngokuvamile, isiphuku elisukela 30 kuya 2900 km ukujula.

Umnyombo planethi, setfulo lezazi wesimanje, ngokuyinhloko i-iron-nickel Alloys. Liphinde ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili. Umnyombo kwangaphakathi - okuqinile, engaba yayo balinganiselwa ku 1,300 km. Kwangaphandle - ketshezi has a engaba 2200 km. Phakathi lezi zingxenye zone inguqulelo isehlane.

lithosphere

I uqweqwe futhi isiphuku engenhla Zomhlaba kuhlanganiswe "lithosphere" umqondo. Lokhu igobolondo kanzima, okuyinto has a endaweni ozinzile futhi ongaphandle. Igobolondo kanzima le planethi siqukethe izingqimba zomhlaba, lapho okufanele qhubeka asthenosphere - ngempela ungqimba plastic kungenzeka ketshezi viscous kanye evuthayo kakhulu. Kuyingxenye isiphuku engenhla. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi khona asthenosphere njengendlela igobolondo okuqhubekayo viscous ayisekelwa yi izifundo seismological. Ukufunda ngokwakheka kwezakhi kule planethi kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwaba ezinye zalezi izingqimba ezibekwe ngenhla. Ohlangothini enezingqimba asthenosphere, ngokusobala, it is njalo aphazamisekile.

Izindlela wokutadisha isiphuku

Zogqinsi esuke ngezansi cortex, kukhona ezingafinyeleleki ukufunda. Ukujula omkhulu, ukukhuphuka njalo lokushisa nokwanda kwabantu kuyinkinga enkulu ukuze uthole ulwazi mayelana nokwakheka kwe-isiphuku futhi ekujuleni kwenhliziyo. Nokho, isakhiwo samanje planethi Kusengenzeka. Lapho eseyinsizwa efundela ezomthetho imithombo eyinhloko Imininingwane babe isiphuku idatha Geophysical. I velocity esiphelweni of amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba, ikakhulukazi conductivity kagesi namandla adonsela phansi izovumela ososayensi ukuba wenze ezizathwini mayelana ukwakheka kanye nezinye izici izingqimba iyini imbangela yalokho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, olunye ulwazi lungatholakala amatshe igneous futhi idwala izingcezwana nesiphuku. Lezi zingozi zihlanganisa ama amadayimane ukuthi Ziningi ukutshela ngisho mayelana isiphuku aphansi. Isiphuku amatshe atholakala ungqimba lomhlaba. Ukutadisha kwabo kuyasiza ukuba baqonde indlela yokwakheka isiphuku. Nokho, abakwazi esikhundleni amasampula etholwe ngokuqondile izingqimba ezijulile ngenxa izinqubo ezihlukahlukene ezenzeka amagxolo, Ukwakheka yabo yehlukile nesiphuku.

Isiphuku Umhlaba: Ukwakheka

Omunye umthombo ulwazi mayelana yini nesiphuku - emkhathini. Ngokusho imiqondo yesimanje, chondrites (okuvame kakhulu eqenjini emhlabeni wazo) ukubunjwa efana isiphuku eMhlabeni. Kusolwa ukuthi iqukethe izinto ezisebusweni isimo okuqinile noma kufakwe kwakwakhe eziqinile inqubo iplanethi kumiswa. Silicon sibaphathe, insimbi, i-magnesium, i-oksijini, kanye nabanye. Isiphuku bona ngokuhlanganisa ne Silica ukwakha silicates. Esikhathini ungqimba engenhla zitholakala magnesium silicates, nge ukujula okwandisa inani yensimbi silicate. I ephansi isiphuku yokubola lezi zakhi ku-nitrous (Sio _2, MgO, Feo).

Sinesithakazelo ngokukhethekile ososayensi izinhlobo ukuthi awatholakali ungqimba lomhlaba. Kulindeleke ukuthi compounds anjalo esikhathini isiphuku (grospydites, Carbonatites njll) eningi.

amaqembu

Ake ukugxila ubude zamatshe isiphuku. Ngokusho izinkolelo ososayensi, phezulu elibamba ibanga-30 kuya ku-400 km kusuka komhlaba. Okulandelayo iyona indawo kushintsha, okuyinto uya emuva ukuze uthole enye i-km 250. ungqimba Landelayo - phansi. umngcele Its itholakala at a mayelana 2,900 km ukujula futhi nabo core elingaphandle iplanethi.

Ingcindezi futhi lokushisa

With ekuthuthukisweni ekujuleni iplanethi, izinga lokushisa likhuphuka. Isiphuku Umhlaba ucindezelwa eziphakeme ngokwedlulele. Ngo astenosphere bulingana umphumela lokushisa indawo, ngakho lapha ketshezi ungaphakathi okubizwa ngokuthi isimo amorphous noma ephuma kabili esibunjiweyo. Deeper ngaphansi kwengcindezi iba okuqinile.

Ucwaningo isiphuku Moho

isiphuku eMhlabeni is haunted ososayensi u-Adalberto isikhathi eside. Esikhathini laboratories yamadwala, mhlawumbe amalungu izingqimba engenhla nengezansi abazenzi ucwaningo ukuqonda ukwakheka kanye izici nesiphuku. Ngokwesibonelo, ososayensi Japanese baye bathola ukuthi ungqimba aphansi iqukethe semali silicon. Isiphuku phezulu bahlela izindlela zokuphakelwa kwamanzi. Kuqhamuka ungqimba lomhlaba, futhi bakwazi ukungena kwamanzi lapha.

Sinesithakazelo ngokukhethekile yilona Moho, ubunjalo engesiyo ecacile kuze kube sekupheleni. ucwaningo Seismological sisikisela ukuthi 410 amakhilomitha ngaphansi ushintsho ebusweni isifika metamorphic rocks (ziba aminyene ngaphezulu), okuyinto kubonakala ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi ijubane wave esiphelweni. Kusolwa ukuthi amadwala basaltic eduze Moho siguqulelwa eclogite. Ngakho kukhona ukwanda kwabantu isiphuku ngo-30%. Kukhona enye inguqulo, owawuthi ukuthi sasiyini isizathu sokushintsha we velocity of amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba itholakala ekushintsheni indlela yokwakheka amatshe.

chikyū

Ngo-2005, umkhumbi wahlomisa ngokukhethekile Chikyu lakhiwa e-Japan. Ngemva kokuphothula umsebenzi wakhe - ukwenza kahle irekhodi-ezijulile ezansi ePacific Ocean. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthatha amasampula kwamadwala isiphuku engenhla futhi Moho, ukuze uthole izimpendulo zemibuzo eminingi ezihlobene nokwakheka iplanethi. Le phrojekthi kuhlelelwe 2020.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ososayensi baye nje sebephendukela ngokuqondile izidubedube wasolwandle. Ngokocwaningo olwenziwa, ukushuba we cortex ogwini incane kakhulu kunaleyo amazwekazi. Umehluko obalulekile: kubalulekile ukuba unqobe ngaphansi ikholomu yamanzi olwandle magma ezindaweni ezikhethiwe km 5 kuphela away, ngenkathi izwe, lesi sibalo ukukhuphuka 30 km.

Manje umkhumbi usebenza kakade: Amasampula kwamalahle ezivuzayo ezijulile. Ukuqaliswa yezinjongo eziyinhloko iphrojekthi kuzovumela ukuba baqonde indlela isiphuku eMhlabeni, okuyinto izinto futhi izakhi bakha indawo shintsho, kanye ukuthola umkhawulo engezansi ukusabalala ukuphila emhlabeni.

Ukuqonda kwethu lokho isakhiwo Zomhlaba namanje kude ephelele. Isizathu - nobunzima Ukungena ekujuleni. Nokho, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe akemi namanje. impumelelo kososayensi kuveza ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze sizobe ukwazi izimfanelo isiphuku okuningi.