Kuyini umumo womsebenzi-X-ray?

Lesi sihloko sichaza into ezifana-X-ray umumo womsebenzi. It uchaza isisekelo ngokomzimba zalesi simo futhi indlela elisebenza ngayo.

ukuthuthukiswa Technology materials amasha

Ukuqamba, i-nanotechnology - umkhuba ezakha kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla. Izindaba egcwele imibiko mayelana izinto entsha evula. Kodwa bambalwa abantu Uyaqaphela yini ukuthi omkhulu ucwaningo apharathasi ososayensi Udinga ukwakha okungenani ngcono elincane ubuchwepheshe ekhona. Omunye imihlola eliyisisekelo ezisiza abantu kuyo, --X-ray umumo womsebenzi.

emisebeni kagesi

Ukuze uqale, kufanele licaciswe ukuthi onjalo emisebeni kagesi. Noma yimuphi umzimba ezihambayo icala kudala emhlabeni ngokwayo inkambu kagesi. Lezi zikhala egcwele nxazonke, ngisho nasemkhathini ongenawo umoya isikhala esijulile akuyona khulula kuzo. Uma ensimini enjalo, ukuphazamiseka gqwa ukuthi ziyakwazi lokusakaza emkhathini, bebizwa emisebeni kagesi. Elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza imiqondo ezifana nombono, imvamisa futhi amandla ayo. Yini amandla intuitively ecacile, futhi nombono - ibanga phakathi izigaba ezifanayo (isib, phakathi iphakama emibili elandelanayo). Nombono ephakeme (futhi yingakho imvamisa), amandla kancane. Khumbula, imiqondo le Kumele uchaze ukuthi-X-ray umumo womsebenzi kafushane futhi ngokucacile.

spectrum kagesi

Zonke ezihlukahlukene imisebe kagesi esifanelana ngezinga elingelikhulu ekhethekile. Kuye nombono, ukuhlukanisa (ngebudze ngalokudze):

• amagagasi omsakazo;
• terahertz wave;
• amagagasi infrared;
• wavelength ebonakalayo;
• wavelength ultraviolet;
• -X-ray wavelength;
• gamma ngemisebe.

Ngakho, sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo emisebeni has a nombono encane kakhulu futhi amandla eliphakeme (ngakho-ke ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi kanzima). Ngakho, sifika incazelo lokho umumo womsebenzi-X-ray.

Umsuka ze-X ray

Ayanda amandla ngemisebe, kuya kuba nzima nakakhulu ukulithola eyayenziwe. Ukusabalalisa umlilo, umuntu uthola okuningi amaza okushisa, ngoba ke idlulisela ukushisa. Kodwa ukuthi kwakukhona umumo womsebenzi-X-ray isakhiwo lwezendawo, kubalulekile omningi onzima. Ngakho, lolu hlobo emisebeni kagesi ikhishwe, uma knock out electron kusuka kumasistimu asebenzayo-athomu, okuyinto eduze ekujuleni kwenhliziyo. Electron zitholakala ngenhla, ukufuna ukugcwalisa emgodini, ukuhwebelana kwabo futhi ahlinzeke-X-ray izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya. Futhi ngaphansi unyathela amabhuleki esindayo izinhlayiya icala kokuba isisindo (isb, ama-electron) ezivezwa lezi okusezingeni eliphezulu amandla imisebe. Ngakho, i-X-ray umumo womsebenzi ku eheleni crystal kuhambisana bachitha imali enkulu ngokwanele zamandla.

Ngo ngezinga ezimbonini, lokhu emisebeni zimi kanje:

1. I cathode likhipha ama-electron kanye nomdlandla.
2. Electronic ebheke impahla anode.
3. Electron kakhulu kubambezela (lukhipha x-ray).
4. Kwelinye icala, i-electron sidilize retarding le kuyizinhlayiyana nge-orbit ongaphakeme kuyi-athomu ye-material anode, nakho edonsa-X-ray.

Kuyadingeka ukuqonda ukuthi, njenganoma iyiphi enye emisebeni kagesi e-X ray inamandla uhla yayo siqu. Uthi emisebeni isetshenziselwa kabanzi ngokwanele. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi lapho eqondisa ithambo eliphukile noma ukwakheka emaphashini ifuna ngosizo X-ray.

crystal isakhiwo

Manje siye eduze yini indlela-X-ray umumo womsebenzi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, chaza isakhiwo esiqinile. Ngo isayensi, umzimba oqinile ngokuthi into esimweni crystalline. Nge sigodo, zenhlabathi, noma ingilazi okuqinile, kodwa abanalo Into esemqoka: isakhiwo gqwa. Kodwa amakristalu babe lokhu impahla emangalisayo. kakhulu Igama lesi simanga iqukethe essence yayo. Okokuqala udinga ukuqonda ukuthi ama-athomu crystal awashintsheki ngokuqinile. Imininingwane phakathi kwazo ngezinga elithile bayakwazi okunwebeka, kodwa engahlula, ngakho ukuthi ama-athomu Ungahambisa ngaphakathi ngehele. iziqephu ezinjalo kungenzeka, kodwa negalelo elinamandla kakhulu zangaphandle. Ngokwesibonelo, uma crystal metal sigobe, akhiwa iphuzu zamehlo izinhlobo ezahlukene: kwezinye izindawo athomu eshiya esihlalweni sakhe, ukwakha isikhundla, ngamanye - it is ngalapho isikhundla okungalungile, ukwakha isingeniso isici. Esikhathini crystal nesibaya ilahlekelwa crystal oyiyo omncane, kuba engaphelele kakhulu, okuxekethile. Ngakho-ke, isiqeshana, okuyinto kanye unbent, akukuhle ukusebenzisa, njengoba nensimbi walahlekelwa impahla yabo.

Uma la ma-athomu kuthiwa isandla fixed, abakwazi kahle isihlobo komunye nomunye nomaphi njengoba e uketshezi. Kufanele azihlele ukuze ukunciphisa amandla ekusebenzelaneni kwabo. Ngakho, ama-athomu ahlelwe ngehele. Ngo ngayinye afanayo tiveta ubuncane zama-athomu ahlelwe ngendlela ekhethekile esikhaleni, - iyunithi cell we crystal. Uma konke lokhu ukusakaza, okungukuthi, ukuhlanganisa onqenqemeni nomunye yokuhamba ukuphendukela kunoma iluphi uhlangothi, sithola yonke crystal. Nokho, kuwufanele ukukhumbula ukuthi lokhu - model. Noma yimuphi crystal yangempela has ukukhubazeka, futhi inguqulo enembile ngokuphelele cishe akunakwenzeka sifinyelele. Modern izakhi inkumbulo Silicon abasondelene zinhlayiya ekahle. Nokho, ukukhiqizwa yabo idinga oluningi kakhulu amandla nezinye izinto zokusebenza. Ngo-laboratory, ososayensi izakhiwo izimisele ezinhlobo ezahlukene, kodwa njengoba umthetho, sikhulu kakhulu izindleko ukudala kubo. Kodwa ake ucabange ukuthi wonke zinhlayiya mahle: ukuphendukela kunoma iluphi uhlangothi athomu efanayo uzobe sise amabanga afanayo kusuka komunye nomunye. isakhiwo okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi i-ngehele.

Ukuphenywa isakhiwo amakristalu

Kuyinto ngenxa leli qiniso kungaba-X-ray umumo womsebenzi ku zinhlayiya. Isakhiwo gqwa amakristalu kudala ezinye indiza kuzo lapho zama-athomu kwezinye iziqondiso. Ngezinye izikhathi lezi banikwa indiza ngehele wesimethri, ngezinye izikhathi - ilungiselelo mutual ukuzulazula kwama-athomu. indiza ngayinye inikezwa ukuqokwa. Ibanga phakathi izindiza lincane kakhulu: komyalelo wokungabi angstroms eziningana (khumbula angstroms - 10 ^-10 m noma 0.1 nanometer).

Nokho, izindiza kwelinye direction kunoma iyiphi crystal yangempela, ngisho eziningi ezincane kakhulu. -X-ray umumo womsebenzi njenge ndlela isebenzisa leli qiniso: zonke amagagasi eyashintsha isiqondiso izindiza kwelinye direction, kuthiwa wafingqa, abanikeza uphawu okukhipha kucacile ngokwanele. Ngakho ososayensi bayakwazi ukuthola ukuthi ezindaweni zitholakala ngaphakathi crystal lezi izindiza, futhi bahlulelwe Sakhiwo sangekhatsi isakhiwo crystal. Nokho, kuphela idatha akwanele. Ngaphezu engela ukuthambekela, kudingeka wazi ibanga phakathi izindiza. Ngaphandle-ke, ungathola izinkulungwane imifanekiso ezahlukene isakhiwo, kodwa akazi impendulo ngqo. On kanjani ososayensi befunda okwengeziwe ibanga phakathi izindiza kuzoxoxwa ngezansi.

umumo womsebenzi mkhuba

kakade Sinike ngesisekelo ngokomzimba ngalokho-X ray umumo womsebenzi ku eheleni kwezendawo zinhlayiya. Nokho, asizange okwamanje wachaza lokho okushiwo yinkulumo mkhuba umumo womsebenzi. Ngakho, umumo womsebenzi - a ukugoba amagagasi (kuhlanganise kagesi) izithiyo. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa Kubonakala sengathi lephula imithetho ka yokukhanya lwento, kodwa akuyona. It buhlobene eduze isiphazamiso kanye izakhiwo igagasi, ezifana izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya. Uma indlela ukukhanya kuwufanele isithiyo, ngenxa umumo womsebenzi we izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya 'simbone' ekhoneni. Kangakanani ukuba bachezuke isiqondiso ukukhanya esiphelweni ngqo incike ubukhulu obstructions. I ezincane ukuthi siyini isithiyo, ezincane kufanele kube ubude wave kagesi. Yingakho-X-ray umumo womsebenzi ku zinhlayiya olulodwa ngokusebenzisa enjalo yamaza dlala: ibanga phakathi izindiza lincane kakhulu, eziningi zokukhanya optical azilona neze "uthole ngokusebenzisa" phakathi kwabo, futhi kuphela kubonakala ebusweni.

umbono onjalo kuyiqiniso, kodwa kubhekwa ewumngcingo kakhulu isayensi yesimanje. Ukuze kwandiswe nenchazelo, kanye nolwazi jikelele izindlela samanje ukubonakaliswa umumo womsebenzi amagagasi.

1. Izinguquko Ezenzeka ngekwendzawo wave isakhiwo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-engeli wokwanda wave ugongolo ukusabalala noma ukuphambuka inombolo igagasi amagagasi e isiqondiso ezinye oluncamelayo. Kuyinto kule ekilasini imihlola ezihlobene ukwephulwa kwale amagagasi izithiyo.
2. amagagasi Ukunwetshwa e bohlu.
3. Ukushintsha nokwehlukana amagagasi.
4. Ukuguqulwa wave isigaba isakhiwo.

Lo mkhuba umumo womsebenzi, kanye ukuphazamiseka obhekene yokuthi isiqondiso ugongolo ukukhanya ngesikhathi igebe ewumngcingo ngemuva ke sibona eyodwa, kodwa highs eziningana ukukhanya. Lapho ziqhubeka okuningi kusukela maphakathi igebe, ayanda oda. Futhi, uma elungile ekwakhiweni experiment emthunzini ezivamile nenaliti yokuthunga (ngokwemvelo mncane) ihlukaniswe yaba amaqoqo ambalwa, lapho kuhlangana khona inaliti ncamashi waphawula ukukhanya esiphezulu, hhayi okungenani.

Formula Bragg

Sishilo kakade ukuthi isiginali yokugcina sengezwe kuzo zonke izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya x-ray ukuthi ziyabonakala kusukela izindiza nge emthambekeni efanayo ngaphakathi crystal. Kodwa isakhiwo ngokunembile ibalwa ivumela omunye isilinganiso ezibalulekile. Ngaphandle kuyoba engenamsebenzi-X-ray umumo womsebenzi. Bragg ifomula libukeka kanje: 2dsinƟ = nλ. Lapha, d - ibanga phakathi izindiza nge-engela efanayo ukuthambekela, θ - ukushelela engela (Bragg engeli), noma engela kwesifo kuya indiza, n - i-oda isiqongo umumo womsebenzi, λ - wavelength. Njengoba kahle indlela bohlu-X-ray esetshenziselwa idatha ukuthola futhi i-engeli lapho ukukhanya uwela waziwa, kule formula ikuvumela ukubala ukubaluleka d. Kancane ngenhla sithi ngaphandle kwalolu lwazi ukuthola ngokunembile isakhiwo ndaba akunakwenzeka.

ukusetshenziswa Wanamuhla-X-ray umumo womsebenzi

Lo mbuzo ubuzwa: kulokho amacala adinga lokhu ukuhlaziywa, ososayensi ungazange ngempela kuye uhlole yonke isakhiwo emhlabeni, futhi mhlawumbe ngokuyinhloko ukukhiqizwa izinto ezintsha azihileli abantu, onjani Imiphumela bayokuzila? izimpendulo ezine.

1. Yebo, siyazi iplanethi yethu muhle ngokwanele. Kodwa njalo ngonyaka zikhona namaminerali entsha. Ngezinye izikhathi ngisho baphakamise isakhiwo ngeke zisebenze ngaphandle X-ray.
2. Ososayensi abaningi abazama ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo izinto ezikhona. Lezi izinto babhekana nezinhlobo ezihlukene zokwelashwa (ingcindezi, izinga lokushisa, lasers kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. D.). Ngezinye izikhathi e isakhiwo sabo engeza noma khipha ama-elementi kuwo. Qonda lokho ukuhlelwa kabusha kwangaphakathi ngesikhathi esifanayo senzeka, ngeke-X-ray umumo womsebenzi ku zinhlayiya.
3. Ukuze ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza (isib for laser abezindaba asebenzayo, khadi, izakhi optical kohlelo observation) zinhlayiya kumelwe kuvumelane ngokunembile. Ngakho-ke, isakhiwo sabo ihlolwe kusetshenziswa le ndlela.
4. -X-ray umumo womsebenzi - lena kuphela indlela ukuthola ukuthi zingaki futhi ngalokho okwenzeka izigaba zamagama kumasistimu multicomponent. Izibonelo izinhlelo ezinjalo zingaba yezinhlobo ubuchwepheshe besimanje sobumba. Ukuba khona izigaba engathandeki kuhambisana nemiphumela emibi ngendlela efanayo.

imisebenzi isikhala

Abantu abaningi baye babuza: "Kungani sinezizathu izindikimba omkhulu azungeza Earth, kungani udinga lihamba, uma isintu namanje akazange ukuxazulula izinkinga zobumpofu impi thina?"

Wonke umuntu angathola izingxabano zawo "ngoba" futhi "ngokumelene", kodwa kusobala ukuthi isintu kumelwe abe iphupho.

Ngakho-ke, obuka izinkanyezi, Manje singakwazi ukusho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi siyazi ngabo abaningi nsuku zonke.

X-ray of izinqubo ezenzeka emkhathini, musa sifinyelele ebusweni iplanethi yethu, basuke amuncwa emkhathini. Kodwa le ngxenye bohlu kagesi has a lot of idatha ku ephezulu amandla imihlola. Ngakho-ke, amathuluzi, ukutadisha x-ray, kufanele sibeke okungalé koMhlaba orbit. Isiteshi ekhona njengamanje ufunda izinto ezilandelayo:

• Izinsalela supernova ukuqhuma;
• izikhungo zemithala;
• neutron izinkanyezi;
• izimbobo omnyama;
• ukushayisana lezinto omkhulu (imithala, amaqembu zemithala).

Ngokumangalisayo, i-ezihlukahlukene amaphrojekthi ukufinyelela kulezi iziteshi kuyatholakala abafundi ngisho nezingane zesikole. Bona ukutadisha ivela isikhala esijulile x-ray imishayo: umumo womsebenzi, ukuphazamiseka, spectrum abe isihloko ngayo isithakazelo sabo. Futhi abanye abasebenzisi abasha kakhulu zokubuka emkhathini ezisekelwe ukwenza okutholakele. Umfundi ecophelelayo angase Yiqiniso, baphikisa ngokuthi zinokuthile nje uye izithombe isikhathi izinqumo esiphakeme ukuba bacabangele futhi uqaphela imininingwane ecashile. Futhi-ke, ukubaluleka ukutholakala, njengoba umthetho, ukuqonda sezinkanyezi sina kuphela. Kodwa ezimweni ezinjalo idolo intsha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bazinikela ukuhlola umkhathi. Futhi lo mgomo kuwufanele ukulandela.

Ngakho, ukuze afeze Vilgelma Konrada uRöntgen wathola ukufinyelela ulwazi lezinkanyezi namathuba anqobe kwamanye amaplanethi.