Movement lithospheric amapuleti. Okukhulu lithospheric amapuleti. Amagama amapuleti lithospheric

Umhlaba amapuleti lithospheric kukhona amabhlogo omkhulu. kwakheka isisekelo sawo ngu kakhulu ngayinyomfoza ngayiphosa ku emphethweni egwadle metamorphosed igneous amatshe. Amagama amapuleti lithospheric uzonikezwa esihlokweni ngezansi. Kusukela phezulu basuke imbozwe ezintathu nane-ikhilomitha "isembozo." Kumiswa It is emadwaleni sedimentary. Isiteji has a impumuzo ehlanganisa ezimbili ezihlukene izintaba namathafa enkulu. Okulandelayo kuzofundwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukuhamba amapuleti lithospheric.

Ukuvela umbono

ithiyori motion izingqimba lithospheric uvele ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Ngemva kwalokho, yena wayemiselwe ukuba udlale indima enkulu ukuhlola kwamaplanethi. Usosayensi Taylor, nangemva kwakhe, futhi Wegener hypothesized ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kukhona drift izingqimba lithospheric ohlangothini ovundlile. Nokho, omunye umbono baqiniswa namathathu banesifo esibi kwekhulu lama-20. Ngokusho ke, ukuhamba amapuleti lithospheric wawenziwa thwi. Ngesikhathi inhliziyo zalesi simo walala inqubo yokuzihlukanisa kwamangqamuzana ngokwemisebenzi zezwe isiphuku impahla. Wabe usubizwa ngokuthi fiksizmom. Leli gama kwaba ngenxa yokuthi eyayiqashelwa fixed unaphakade isikhundla isihlobo kuzingxenye isiphuku cortex. Kodwa ngo-1960, ngemva kuvulwa global simiso maphakathi no-ocean emikhulu ukuthi ahaqe iplanethi futhi ekuhambeni kwezinye izindawo emhlabeni, kwakukhona ukubuya umbono we kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka. Nokho, inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ithole ifomu elisha. Ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba amabhlogo babe umbono ehola sciences ukuthi ukufunda isakhiwo planethi.

eziyisisekelo

Kwatholakala ukuthi kwakukhona amapuleti ezinkulu lithospheric. inombolo alinganiselwe. Futhi, kukhona crustal amapuleti eMhlabeni ezincane. Imingcele phakathi kwabo Kwenziwa ukufingqa ukuzamazama komhlaba.

Amagama luhambisane amapuleti lithospheric ngokufanele phezulu them ocean izifunda ezwekazini. Blocks kokuba endaweni enkulu, ingqikithi eziyisikhombisa. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke lithospheric amapuleti - kungcono eNingizimu kanye North American, Euro-Asia, e-Afrika, e-Antarctic, yePacific Indo-Australia.

Izigaxa elintantayo phezu asthenosphere, nokuqina ezahlukene kanye rigidity. Okungenhla izigaba - a amapuleti ezinkulu lithospheric. Ngokuhambisana umqondo sokuqala kwakucatshangwa ukuthi amazwekazi benza ngendlela yabo ngaphansi kolwandle. Kulokhu, ukuhamba amapuleti lithospheric kwenziwa ngaphansi kwethonya amabutho ongabonakali. Lezi zifundo yembula ukuthi izigaxa elintantayo zibukele ku isiphuku impahla. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isiqondiso sabo sokuqala ngenhla. impahla isiphuku liphuma phezulu ngaphansi yokhalo we yokhalo. It ke lasakazekela zombili. Ngakho, kukhona amapuleti iphutha lithospheric. Le modeli limelela indawo esekujuleni kolwandle njengendlela giant ibhande. Kuziwa ebusweni ezindaweni ingxabano ye maphakathi no-ocean lamagquma. Khona-ke ukufihla ayesempini ekujuleni kolwandle.

Kwehlukana amapuleti lithospheric isandiso kuphakamisa ocean amanga. Nokho, ivolumu le planethi, yize-ke uhlala njalo. Iqiniso ukuthi ukuzalwa entsha uqweqwe incephezeliswa yayo ukumuncwa ezindaweni subduction (subduction) e ezijulile imisele.

Kungani ukuhamba amapuleti lithospheric?

Isizathu ukuthi Ukubika Inkinga YeWindows ezishisayo iplanethi isiphuku impahla. I lithosphere is phansi ukungezwani futhi uhlangabezana ukuvelela okwenzekayo on amagatsha ekuntweleni ukugeleza convective. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukunyakaza izingqimba lithospheric esandleni. Njengoba ibanga ukusuka bano maphakathi no-ocean zenzeka platform uphawu. Kuyinto libe nzima ngokwengeziwe, ubuso bayo lehliselwa. Lokhu isizathu salokhu kwanda okungaka ekujuleni kolwandle. Ngenxa yalokho, le platform is egxilile imisele. Nge ukugeleza phezulu we Damping isiphuku evuthayo ayaphola bese uwela ukwakha amachibi ukuthi zigcwele inhlabathi.

ukushayisana zone izingqimba lithospheric - lena endaweni lapho uqweqwe kanye platform ziya onomfutho. Kule ndaba, amandla wokuqala luyanda. Ngenxa yalokho, uqala ukunyakaza lwaphezulu amapuleti lithospheric. It kuholela ekwakhekeni kwazo zonke izintaba ezinde.

ucwaningo

Lolu cwaningo wenziwe namuhla nokusetshenziswa izindlela geodetic. Basikisela a lenqubekela phambili kanye nokusebenza ubiquity izinqubo. Ukhombe njengoba ukushayisana zone lithospheric amapuleti. Ijubane ephakamisa kungenzeka kuze kube amamilimitha angu eziyishumi.

Ovundlile amapuleti ezinkulu lithospheric ukuntanta kancane ngokushesha. Kulokhu, ijubane lingafika amasentimitha ayishumi ngokuhamba konyaka. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, Petersburg uvukile imitha phakathi naso sonke isikhathi ukhona. inhlonhlo zaseScandinavia - 250 m engu-25 000. Isiphuku impahla uhamba kuqhathaniswa kancane. Nokho, ngenxa yokuzamazama komhlaba, ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo kanye nezinye izenzakalo. Lokhu kusikisela amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu impahla yokuhamba.

Ukusebenzisa isikhundla kuhlangana khona izingqimba zomhlaba, abacwaningi ukuchaza izenzakalo eziningi umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo phakathi nesifundo kwatholakala out ezinkulu okuningi kunalokho uqala ukuvela ekuqaleni ukuvela umbono, yinkimbinkimbi izinqubo ezenzeka yesikhulumi.

Plate ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba abakwazanga ukukuchaza izinguquko ukushuba ukusonteka kanye nokunyakaza, khona Inethiwekhi yomhlabajikelele esimeme amaphutha ngokujulile kanye nezinye izenzakalo. Iphinde uhlala umbuzo evulekile mayelana ekuqaleni komlando senzo. izimpawu Direct we izinqubo ipuleti-zomhlaba zaziwa kusukela inkathi Proterozoic Late. Nokho, eziningi abacwaningi bayazi ukubonakaliswa zabo Proterozoic Archean futhi ekuqaleni.

Ukukhulisa amathuma ucwaningo

Ukufika kombuso tomography zokuzamazama komhlaba kuye kwabangela ushintsho kwale sayensi ezingeni elisha. Maphakathi nawo-Eighties kwekhulu elidlule, geodynamics ezijulile isibe ethembisayo abasha nesiqondiso emhlabeni wonke wesayensi ekhona. Nokho, imisebenzi emisha kusetshenziswa hhayi kuphela tomography zokuzamazama komhlaba. Thina babasiza nezinye izinhlobo zesayensi. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa i mineralogy zokuhlola.

Ngenxa imishini emisha sebekwazi ukufunda ukuziphatha izinto at okushisa nezimo elihambisana esiphezulu ku ekujuleni nesiphuku. Futhi, esifundweni wasebenzisa izindlela IKhompyuthaYami Geochemistry. Lokhu isayensi izifundo, ikakhulukazi, isotopic ukulingana trace izakhi, kanye yizicukuthwane amagesi e ahlukahlukene eliwumhlaba amagobolondo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukusebenza kuqhathaniswa ngedatha meteoritic. Geomagnetism isicelo izindlela ososayensi bazama ukuthola izimbangela kanye mshini nezimo e kazibuthe.

Umdwebo yesimanje

platform Hypothesis ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba siyaqhubeka ngokugculisayo ukuchaza inqubo yentuthuko uqweqwe kwezilwandle futhi amazwekazi okungenani minyaka izigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona izilinganiso satellite, ngokuhambisana eyaqinisekisa yokuthi nengaphakathi akemi namanje amapuleti lithospheric Zomhlaba. Ngenxa yalokho, isithombe esithile siyavela.

Esigabeni cross, kukhona iplanethi ezintathu ungqimba ezimatasa. Likhono ngamunye wabo amakhilomitha ambalwa. Kusolwa ukuthi indima esemqoka kule geodynamics global abaphathiswe kubo. Ngo-1972, uMorgan uye wafakazela sethulwa ngo umbono 1963. Wilson mayelana fu elinobuthi liphuma. Lo mbono uchaza lo mkhuba uzibuthe intraplate. I kwaphumela fu elinobuthi ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba sekuba ethandwa kakhudlwana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

geodynamics

Ngosizo nokuxhumana izinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ezenzeka kuye isiphuku sakhe sokuthunjwa futhi uqweqwe. Ngokuhambisana umqondo echazwe Artyushkova emsebenzini wakhe "Geodinamika" njengoba primary umthombo wamandla kuyinto okudonsa kwamangqamuzana izidakamizwa. Le nqubo ibizwa ebonwe isiphuku aphansi.

Ngemva emadwaleni abahlukene izingxenye ngoyisiwula kusinda (yensimbi, njll), ke ulula isisindo ukudla okuqinile. Iwela ikhenela. Indawo ungqimba ukuxegiselwa ngaphansi engazinzile esindayo. Kule ndaba, impahla ukuqongelela eqoqwe ngezikhathi endaweni amabhlogo ngokwanele ezinkulu, okuyinto ziyaphuma ezingqimbeni eliphezulu. Usayizi zalezi zakhiwo ingamakhilomitha angu yikhulu. Lokhu kwaziswa Wawugujelwani kumiswa elingenhla nesiphuku.

Isendlalelo ephansi, cishe limelela nemiyo undifferentiated eyinhloko. Phakathi ukuvela iplanethi ngenxa isiphuku aphansi kukhona ukukhula ukwanda core engenhla. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi amabhlogo yokukhanya kuyanda impahla eduze ephansi iziteshi nesiphuku. Bona lokushisa Isisindo sezingeni eliphezulu. Viscosity ngaleyo ndlela ziyancipha. Yandisa lokushisa kusiza ukukhethwa semali kwamandla abengase asetshenziselwe okuthile phakathi ukunyukela into adonsela phansi at ibanga cishe 2000 km. Ngokuhamba ukunyakaza okunjalo Ukushisa isiteshi kukhona isisindo wokukhanya onamandla. Mayelana yalolu ketshezi engena isiphuku, kokuba lokushisa sezingeni eliphezulu nesisindo kakhulu ngaphansi uma ziqhathaniswa izakhi ezizungezile.

Ngenxa kwabantu eliphansi impahla engasindi lephuma ku izingqimba engenhla a amakhilomitha 100-200 noma ngaphansi ukujula. Nge ngincipha ingcindezi iconsi ukuma yezingxenye izidakamizwa. Ngemva kwamangqamuzana kokuqala senzeka ezingeni lesibili "core-isiphuku". Ekujuleni engajulile impahla ukukhanya Incibilikile kancane. Ukwehlukanisa labelwe izidakamizwa luthe ukuqina. Zichayeké izingqimba engezansi isiphuku engenhla. Evolved izingxenye lula, ngokulandelana, ukuhambisa phezulu.

I iminyakazo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu izinto isiphuku ehlotshaniswa ne ukuhanjiswa uquqaba kokuba nokuminyanisa ezahlukene ngenxa yokuzihlukanisa kwamangqamuzana ngokwemisebenzi yawo libizwa Ukubika Inkinga YeWindows zamakhemikhali. Ukuphakamisa wamaphaphu uquqaba kwenzeka at a imvamisa mayelana 200 Ma. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukwethulwa elingenhla isiphuku okungukuthi hhayi lodumo emhlabeni. Esikhathini aphansi ungqimba isiteshi ahlelwe kude ngokwanele ezinkulu ezivela nomunye (amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziningana).

Lifting amabhlogo

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, kulezo zindawo lapho isingeniso ukugudluka enkulu ukukhanya asthenosphere impahla evuthayo, ukuncibilika esinqunyiwe kanye kwamangqamuzana yayo. Kulo mBhalo kukhona ukukhethwa izingxenye lokwenyuka yabo okwalandela. Ngokushesha udabula asthenosphere. Lapho efika lithosphere isivinini zabo ziye zancipha. Kwezinye izindawo, ketshezi yakha yinhlanganisela isiphuku ezingasadingeki. Bona kwenzeke ngokuvamile ezingqimbeni engenhla iplanethi.

isiphuku ezingasadingeki

isakhiwo sayo okuhambelana cishe evamile isiphuku izidakamizwa. Umehluko ekuqongeleleni ezingasadingeki kuyinto okushisa aphakeme (kufika ku 1300-1500 ° C) nesivinini ukuncipha nokunwebeka amagagasi longitudinal.

Irisidi into ngaphansi lithosphere icuphe ukuphakamisa isostatic. Ngenxa ekuqongeleleni i normal lokushisa eliphezulu lunesibalo ngaphansana isiphuku evamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona viscosity elincane kwengoma.

Ngo inqubo yokwemukela lithosphere isiphuku ezingasadingeki kunalokho ngokushesha ukusakaza emazansi. Nokho, displaces obukhulu nokuncane evuthayo izidakamizwa astenosphere. Ngesikhathi uhamba zemali normal igcwalisa kulezo zindawo lapho ematheni platform ungaphakathi ukuphakama isimo (izicupho), futhi egxilile ngokujulile esifundeni ke izimboze. Ngenxa yalokho, esimweni sokuqala kukhona ukuphakamisa isostatic. Ngenhla ezindaweni kwamanzi we- cortex uhlala esitebeleni.

izicupho

Inqubo lwaluyophola kuye isiphuku sakhe sokuthunjwa futhi ungqimba engenhla cortex kuya cishe sasiyikhulu namashumi amakhilomitha ukujula kuhamba kancane. Ngokuvamile, kuthatha iminyaka embalwa izigidi eziyikhulu. Ngakho-ke nonuniformity e ukushuba we lithosphere echaza ovundlile lokushisa umehluko, kufanele inertia sezingeni eliphezulu. Kuleso simo, uma isicupho itholakala kude ukugeleza lwaphezulu accumulations okungavamile ukujula, semali into entrained kakhulu ukufuthelana. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuba idwala isici kunalokho enkulu. Ngokusho lokhu wesifunda kwenzeke ephakeme epiplatform orogenesis ingxenye ku esishintshashintshayo eligoqiwe.

Incazelo izinqubo

Ukuvaleleka ungqimba ezingasadingeki ngesikhathi Ukupholisa is phansi kokucindezelwa 1-2 amakhilomitha. Amagxolo, esisogwini phezulu, eshona. Esikhathini kubhavu kwakhiwa uqale buthelela imvula. ngobubi bawo kunomthelela okwengeziwe zaziyoholela lithosphere. Ngenxa yalokho, i-wechibi ukujula kungaba kusuka 5 kuya ku-8 km. Ngesikhathi esifanayo isiphuku ngesikhathi compaction engxenyeni engezansi ungqimba basalt e koqweqwe kungabonakala nasemkhakheni rocks isigaba ukuguqulwa eclogite garnet kanye granules. Ngenxa owayephuma ezingasadingeki ukushisa ukugeleza kwenzeka izinto overlying Ukushisa isiphuku uphinde wehlise yayo viscosity. Kule ndaba, kukhona esikhundleni kancane kancane cluster evamile.

ukufuduka ovundlile

Ngo ukwakheka ukuphakamisa Imali isiphuku ezingasadingeki maqondana koqweqwe emazwekazini nasolwandle nokwanda amandla ezingaba egcinwe ezingqimbeni engenhla iplanethi. Ukuze ukusetha kabusha ngokweqile impahla bavame ziyasakaza emaceleni. Ngenxa yalokho, izingcindezi ezengeziwe ikhiqizwa. Basitshela izinhlobo ezahlukene ipuleti ezinyakazayo nebhalsamu namagxolo.

Kukhula ocean phansi futhi ukubhukuda amazwekazi zibangelwa ukunwetshwa kanyekanye lamagquma futhi selingene shí yesikhulumi nesiphuku. Kutholwe ngaphansi mass lokuqala elikhulu evuthayo kakhulu izidakamizwa ezingasadingeki. Esikhathini ingxenye shaft le yokugcina yalezi emikhulu itholakala ngqo ngaphansi kuqweqwe. Lithosphere lapha lunamandla ephansi kakhulu. Okungavamile ingubo lapho lisakazeka ku Umfutho ingxenye - zombili izinkomba kusukela yokhalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kulula ngokwanele ephula uqweqwe ulwandle. A emfantwini ligcwele basaltic magma. Yena, is smelted ngaphansi kongqimba ezingasadingeki. Ngo inqubo solidification of magma kwakheka uqweqwe entsha wasolwandle. Lokhu kwenzeka phansi lisakazeka.

inqubo Izici

Ngaphansi emikhulu lesemkhatsini isiphuku ezingasadingeki unephutha viscosity encishisiwe ngenxa lokushisa eliphakeme. Ingqikithi uyakwazi yasheshe. Ngokuqondene nalokhu phansi esakaza kwenzeka ngezinga anda. Ngokulinganiswa viscosity ongaphakeme Ubuye astenosphere wasolwandle.

Basic lithospheric amapuleti eMhlabeni ukuntanta ugema kusayithi yehle. Uma lezi zindawo kukhona olwandle esifanayo, inqubo okwenzeka ngesivinini kuqhathaniswa eliphezulu. Lokhu kunjalo namhlanje Pacific. Uma phansi esakaza futhi ekushoniseni senzeka ezindaweni ezahlukene, itholakala phakathi ukugudluka kancane kancane kwamazwekazi bebheke lapho inkatho. Ngaphansi amazwekazi astenosphere viscosity ephakeme kunaleyo ngaphansi izilwandle. Ngenxa ukungqubuzana okwenzeka livela ukumelana abalulekile ukunyakaza. Lokhu kunciphisa izinga lapho ukunwetshwa phansi kwenzeka, uma kungekho ukucwiliswa isinxephezelo isiphuku endaweni efanayo. Ngakho, ukukhula elwandle eliKhulu iPacific ngokushesha kunokuba e-Atlantic.