Biography emfushane Ili Ilicha Mechnikova: umlando wokuphila, okutholakele, impumelelo kanye nezici womsebenzi

Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich, biography (Indaba yokuphila) ithakazelisa kakhulu - sesayensi yemibungu nokukhula kwayo isiRashiya, i immunologist futhi bacteriologist. Lokhu usosayensi Wethule kithi nezinto eziningi eziye zatholwa eziningi ezibalulekile zesayensi. Ngo-1908 yena yanikezelwa uMklomelo KaNobel ngo Physiology noma Medicine Prize. Nokho, lokhu kuyinto nje omunye impumelelo eziningi Ili Ilicha. Biography emfushane Ili Ilicha Mechnikova uyokwethula inkulumo nawe ekuphileni nokwatholakala eliyisisekelo ezenziwa yilaba ososayensi.

Ile Iliche wezwa kokubili biology ezifuywayo angaphandle, ngokuzivikela komzimba ezifweni futhi izitho zomzimba. Inkemba ukusebenza ngendlela enenzuzo futhi njengoba sezilwane kanye njengenhlangano sesayensi yemibungu nokukhula kwayo futhi njengoba sezifo. Ungomunye abasunguli Embryology kwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, udumo kokutholakala ukugaya intracellular kanye phagocytosis, nokuningi. Konke lokhu kungenxa angaphezu kokwanele abaningi benu bangase bazithande lezi Biography emfushane Ili Ilicha Mechnikova.

Umsuka wegama usosayensi esizayo

Wazalwa edolobhaneni Ivanovka (eduze laseKharkov, Ukraine) e 1845. Uyise wayengumGreki isikhulu imfihlo Tsarist imibutho yamaphoyisa Ilya Ivanovich, owakhonza Petersburg. Ngaphambi ukuthuthela Manor Ukrainian, le ndoda elahlekile amakhadi ingxenye enkulu dowry somkakhe impahla yomndeni. Emiliya Mechnikova (nee - Nevakhovich) wayengunina Ili Ilicha. Uyise lona wesifazane wayesekhulile impela umlobi ocebile Lev Nevahovich. Emilia nomthelela yokuthi indodana yakhe, lokugcina izingane ezinhlanu, wakhetha usosayensi umsebenzi.

WezeMfundo Lyceum kanye University of

Biography emfushane Ili Ilicha Mechnikova kuqashelwe ukuthi kusukela ebuntwaneni yayinesithakazelo umlando wemvelo. Ikusasa Usosayensi wafunda esihle eKharkov Lyceum. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-16 Mechnikov wabhala isihloko ukuthi wethulwa ukugxekwa ebhukwinitifundvo yokwakheka komhlaba. It yanyatheliswa kumagazini eMoscow. Ngemva kokuthola iziqu nge-honours esikoleni esiphakeme (ngo-1862), u-Ilya Ilyich yanquma bathathe ekutadisheni isakhiwo cell. Wahamba nawo-University of Würzburg. Ethonywe kwemizwelo, u-Ilya Mechnikov saya eJalimane. Akazange ngisho bazi ukuthi amasonto kuphela ngemva 6 ukuqala umsebenzi. Uma edolobheni engingalazi wedwa, ngaphandle ulwazi isiJalimane, Ilya wanquma ukuphindela e-University of laseKharkov. Waletha translation German yencwadi "The Origin of Species Ngokuhlakanipha of Natural Selection 'by uCharles Darwin. Inkemba, ngemva kokufunda le ncwadi, ngaba umsekeli imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

I Mechnikov wokuqala wokuvula

Ilya Ilyich iziqu e Kharkiv engu-4 zaseyunivesithi eminyakeni 2. Kakade ujwayelene isakhiwo izilwane aphansi (izipanji, izimpethu, kanye nezinye ezingenamgogodla), u-Ilya Mechnikov waqaphela ukuthi izinto eziphilayo athuthukile kakhulu, ngokusho imfundiso kaDarwin, e isakhiwo kumele ababuthanda kwabathobekileyo, labo abangababiziweyo wawoyise. Embryology yezilwane ezinomgogodla ngesikhathi kwakungcono esithuthuke ngaphandle Embryology of ezingenamgogodla. Ilya Mechnikov ngachitha ocwaningweni lweminyaka engu-3 endaweni kancane-uhlole. Wayeya ngebhasi izingxenye ezihlukahlukene eYurophu: wavakashela obakhathalelayo. Helgoland eNorth Sea, e-laboratory R. Leuckart eduze Frankfurt, eNaples, lapho ayesebenza ne Aleksandrom Kovalevskim, sezilwane abasha Russian. Umsebenzi, lapho ziye zabonisa ukuthi izilwane ezinamangqamuzana amaningi izingqimba zamagciwane kukhona homologous (isakhiwo sabo efanayo), njengoba kufanele kube kusuka amafomu ezihlobene umsuka ezivamile, ulilethele ososayensi premium KE von Baer. Ngalesi sikhathi, Mechnikov nje neminyaka engu-22 ubudala. Ngenxa yamandla aphindeke kabili ye enkulu ngalesi sikhathi eqala kabuhlungu emehlweni. Mechnikov ayinandaba lokhu umkhuhlane eminye iminyaka engu-15. It ukumzwisa ubuhlungu ukusebenza ngesibonakhulu.

izifundo zobudokotela, izinkulumo, futhi bahlanganyela bomkhankaso

Ngemva sivikele mqondo yakhe ukuthuthukiswa embryonic lezinhlanzi nezimbaza, okwenzeka ngo-1867, wathola iziqu zakhe Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich. Umlando Omfushane Eminyakeni ethile kamuva, lihlotshaniswa inhlokodolobha isiRashiya, wavikela uqobo engasesandleni Petersburg University wafundisa lapha sesayensi yokwakheka komzimba ngokuqhathanisa wesayensi yempilo yezilwane. iminyaka 6 wanikeza izinkulumo wabonisa nesimiso kule nyuvesi. Khona-ke u-Ilya Mechnikov waba ilungu bomkhankaso anthropological. Bekanye namanye abacwaningi, waya yoLwandle iCaspian, endaweni yokuhlala Kalmyks. Injongo bomkhankaso - izilinganiso anthropometric, okuvumela zihlanganisa Kalmyks kuya uhlanga Mongoloid. Mechnikov ukubuyela e-Odessa wakhethwa likaprofesa Novorossiysk University.

Ukuphila Odessa ukuthuthela e-Italy, ekutholakaleni phagocytes

Odessa, etholakala oLwandle Olumnyama kwaba yindawo enhle ukuhlola iqoqo izilwane zasemanzini. Abafundi bathandile Ilyu Ilicha, kodwa ezikhulayo zezombusazwe nezenhlalo eRussia ngaleso usosayensi isikhathi abacindezelwe.

Ngo-1881, ngemva kokubulawa Alexander II, kwaqina izenzo mva kukaHulumeni omusha. Mechnikov wesulile esikhundleni sakhe wathuthela e-Italy (Messina). Lapha, njengoba wayekhumbula, Esenze ukufohla emisebenzini yayo ucwaningo. Mechnikov waba sezifo. Sashintsha isigubhukane ukuphila kwakhe ngenxa kuvulwa Ili Ilicha kugcinwa izibungu starfish. I usosayensi odumile ukuthi amaseli motile izidalwa eziphilayo azungeze nomzimba angaphandle, bese umzimba kubo. Isenzakalo esifanayo ebonwe impendulo ukuvuvukala komzimba womuntu. Uma nomzimba angaphandle lincane ngokwanele, amaseli ezulazulayo (phagocytes Mechnikov wababiza) asiqonde ngokugcwele lisha.

ithiyori Mechnikov

Mechnikov kwakungelona abakubona kuqala ukuthi amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi kuleli izidumbu zezilwane ukudla eziphilayo ziyahlasela imikhawulo yabo, kuhlanganise amagciwane. Nokho, kukholakala ukuthi waphawula ukumuncwa inqubo esikhathini ikakhulukazi esetshenziselwa ukusabalalisa ngomzimba kwamagciwane ngokusebenzisa isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi. Ilya Ilyich aphethwe enye incazelo. Ukuze lokho kungenzeki, wabheka ngemehlo i sesayensi yemibungu nokukhula kwayo. phagocytes Mobile e-starfish izibungu musa nje ukuncela into angaphandle. Futhi ukubhubhisa kwamanye amathishu lapho umzimba ayisekho uzidinga. leukocyte womuntu futhi phagocytes starfish homologous embryological, ngoba kokubili zivela mesoderm. Kule, ososayensi waphetha ngokuthi, efana phagocytes, emangqamuzaneni egazi amhlophe yenza umsebenzi ezihlanzekile noma zokuzivikela. Khona-ke u-Ilya I. kwabonisa ukuthi la mangqamuzana benza ezulazula esobala namazeze amanzi.

Metchnikoff kamuva ngokubhala lesi sifo, ngokuvumelana lo mbono, impi phakathi umzimba futhi phagocytes amagciwane langena kusuka ngaphandle. Nokho, eminyakeni umbono Ili Ilicha hhayi ziqondakala ososayensi. Kule ndaba, ngokuvamile, ke babevamile ezifana nosaziwayo njengoba Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, biography. ososayensi Omkhulu ngokuvamile bengazamukeli wezesayensi, futhi kuthatha isikhathi ukuthola imibono yabo babe ukuqashelwa kahle deserved. Ngalo mqondo, Mechnikov ngisho lucky - amasevisi bakhe abangu ayazise umklomelo uMklomelo KaNobel, nakuba ayengazi ngokushesha. Kodwa ngokuvamile kwenzeka ukuthi udumo ukuba amadoda amakhulu kuza kuphela okukhona emva kokufa.

Buyela Odessa

Mechnikov ngo-1886 wabuyela e-Odessa. Wabhekisa amabombo le bacteriological Institute, esanda ihlelwe. Lapha ososayensi kumelwe ukuhlola umphumela phagocytes izinkawu, onogwaja nezinja phezu zilokazane ezidala relapsing imfiva kanye Erysipelas. abasebenzi bakhona futhi isebenza ukuthuthukisa yokugoma uzivikele kundicosho izimvu inkukhu nekholera. Mechnikov kwakudingeka abhekane nesimiso newspapermen, unxanela emizweni, kanye nodokotela bendawo, ngubani bammangalela ukuntuleka kwemfundo impilo. Ngo-1887, u-Ilya Ilyich zanquma ukulishiya okwesibili Russia. Biography emfushane Ili Mechnikova sekuqhubeke enhloko-dolobha French.

cwaningo Life e Paris, okuqhubekayo phagocytes

In Paris ehlangana Lui Pasterom. Usosayensi French wamcela ukuba ngihole laboratory entsha wadala ngesikhathi Pasteur Institute. Phakathi neminyaka engu-28 ezayo, Mechnikov wasebenza lapha, ngokuqhubeka ukuhlola phagocytes.

Mechnikov imisebenzi eyenziwe e-Paris, wenza umnikelo omkhulu eziningi eziye zatholwa eliyisisekelo mayelana nemvelo okuzivikela. Zhyul borde, umfundi Ili Ilicha luye lwabonisa ukuthi iyoba yini indima ekubhubhiseni amagciwane udlala umphelelisi (ikhemikhali etholakala serum evamile). Kwenza kubo bangase bangenwe kalula phagocytes.

imibono Okunye Mechnikov

Lapho umqondo umsebenzi amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi nokubaluleka phagocytosis isibe sasivumela kabanzi phakathi immunologists waqala ukuthuthukisa imibono Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. Omlando womuntu idatha yesayensi kuso zibandakanya inombolo amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo. Ikakhulukazi, le nkinga yokuguga nokufa. Mechnikov eshicilelwe ngo-1903 incwadi ekhuluma 'orthobiosis ", okungukuthi, ikhono baphile khona. Umsebenzi ubizwa ngokuthi "Nature of Man". Kuthiwa ngokubaluleka umsoco, kanye isidingo kokuba sebuningini Ukudla imikhiqizo yobisi, ikakhulukazi i-yogurt, elibilile ne Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Qamba Ilya Mechnikov uhlotshaniswe indlela ethandwayo for yokukhiqiza yogurt. Le ndlela baba kuphumelele kwezentengiselwano, kodwa usosayensi othile noma iyiphi imali ayekutholile ayitholanga.

Biography emfushane Ili Mechnikova imakwe isenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando ngo-1908. Labe ngomsebenzi wakhe ku amasosha omzimba, yena yanikezelwa uMklomelo KaNobel ngenxa Okwelapha Nokuhlinza Physiology Prize. Its bangahlangana ndawonye uPawulu Ehrlich no-Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, microbiologists. Biography Ili Ilicha baqhubeka izenzakalo ekuphileni kwakhe siqu.

ukuphila Siqu Mechnikov

Ngo-1869, usosayensi ngishade ULyudmila Fedorovich, ogulayo ngesifo sofuba. Lo mbhangqwana cha fanele ntwana. Lapho umkakhe eshona eminyakeni 4 kamuva, Mechnikov Uzame ukuzibulala ngokuthatha i-morphine. Ngenkathi besebenza e-Odessa University, ngo-1875, wahlangana Olga Belokopytova, umfundi oneminyaka engu-15 ubudala, futhi ngashada naye. Ngemva kokuba izinkontileka typhoid fever, u-Ilya Ilyich futhi yazama ukuzibulala, manje umjovo ejenti ye relapsing imfiva. Nokho, it is kanzima kade egula, wasinda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sifo sancipha yokungabaza kangaka lokhu usosayensi, kanye ngenxa umbono ngcono. Ngo Mechnikov futhi kusukela unkosikazi wesibili cha fanele ntwana. Nokho, ngemva abazali bafa Olga, Mechnikovs steel kangcono odade abathathu futhi abafowabo ababili.

Ukufa usosayensi omkhulu

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov: Biography, emisebenzini yasekhaya - konke lokhu, siye sibuyekezwe kafushane. It uhlala kuphela bathi Ilya Mechnikov wafa Julayi 15, 1916, eParis, ngemuva kokwanda yokumelwa yinhliziyo. Ngakho, waphila iminyaka engu-71.

Ngakho, Biography emfushane Ili Ilicha Mechnikova Wethula wena ukuba lapho zibona lezi zindawo zokuphila kwakhe kanye impumelelo ezibaluleke kakhulu. Uke sasifuna ukuqhubeka ajwayelane usosayensi omkhulu? Ngempela ukuba Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich. Biography emfushane kusobala enganele lapho kutadishwa ubuntu nemibono usosayensi lokhu ezidlula. Akukhona nje ezweni lethu kodwa emhlabeni wonke inegunya Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. Imilando kodokotela, ngisho edume kunazo zonke, awavamile bakwazi ukuncintisana kanye naye impumelelo.