Izinombolo Quantum nencazelo yawo ngokomzimba

izinto eziningi e quantum Mechanics lungaphezu kokuqonda, kakhulu kubonakala kumnandi. Kuyefana nasendleleni le quantum izinombolo, ubunjalo okuyinto ongaqondakali namuhla. Isihloko uchaza umqondo, izinhlobo kanye imigomo ejwayelekile yomsebenzi nabo.

izici Jikelele

Lonke noma isigamu-inamba quantum Izinombolo lucobo kunqunywa wonke amagugu kungenzeka ngokuqhubekayo esibonisa uhlelo quantum (molecule athomu, core) futhi izinhlayiya aphansi. Ukusebenzisa kwabo kuhlobene eduze ukuba khona njalo Planck sika. Leyehlukene, okwenzeka sekuba yinto izinqubo ezibonisa izinombolo quantum kanye nencazelo yabo ngokomzimba. Bakhandwa siqala ukutshelwa ukuchaza amaphethini spectra athomu. Kodwa okushiwo ngokomzimba futhi ezehlukene amagugu ngabanye yakhishelwa kuphela quantum Mechanics.
Setha ukuthi ichaza okhandlayo isimo ohlelweni ibizwa ephelele. Zonke izifundazwe banesibopho amagugu kungenzeka lokhu isethi yakha uhlelo oluphelele uthi. I quantum izinombolo chemistry ne lamadigri enkululeko i-electron ukunquma isikhundla salo ngakuthathu degrees sangaphakathi inkululeko - spin.

Ukucupha ka-electron futhi ama-athomu

Ngo-athomu nucleus isebangeni futhi electron, lophocelela isenzo phakathi imvelo electrostatic. Amandla kuzokhulisa njengoba ibanga incipha phakathi nucleus futhi electron. Kukholakala ukuthi kukhona okungalunga bese amandla ilingana zero uma esuswa core akunakulinganiswa. Lesi simo isetshenziselwa njengoba inkomba. Ngakho kuhlonzwa ukuthi amandla eyisihlobo electron.

Electron igobolondo kuyinto isethi amazinga energy. Kwalowo wabo lubonakaliswa uthishanhloko quantum inombolo n.

inombolo phezulu

Libhekisela ethize amandla ezingeni nge iqoqo orbitals ukuthi abe namanani efanayo, ehlanganisa izinombolo yemvelo: n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ... Lapho i uhamba electron komunye esigabeni kwesinye, ushintsha inombolo oyinhloko quantum. Khumbula ukuthi akuwona wonke amazinga zigcwele ama-electron. Uma ugcwalisa igobolondo i-athomu, kwetfula isimiso amandla okungenani. Isimo sakhe kuleli cala ubizwa ngokuthi unexcited noma phansi isimo.

inombolo esemkhathini

Ngayinye ezingeni zikhona orbitals. Labo abanombono amandla afanayo yakha sub-ungqimba. Lesi sabelo wenziwa nge esemkhathini (noma njengoba ibizwa - side) yenomboro quantum l, okuyinto ethatha amagugu inamba kusuka zero kuya n - 1. Njengoba electron kokuba uthishanhloko kanye nenombolo quantum esemkhathini n, l, kungenzeka kusukela l = 0 ziphethe l = n - 1.

Ibonisa ubunjalo tenhlangano elihambisana sub amandla ezingeni. Lapho l = 0 futhi wonke amanani n, efwini electron kuyodingeka umumo eyindilinga. engaba yaso ngqo wakhona n. Lapho l = 1 electron ifu kuzothatha ifomu infinity noma eziyisishiyagalombili. L Ayanda ukubaluleka, ifomu iyoba nzima, futhi amandla electron - sikhule.

inombolo kazibuthe

Ml Iwumbono esemkhathini (side) we umfutho emincane ngesikhathi esithile magnetic field isiqondiso. Ibonisa ukunyakaza kwezendawo orbitals lapho inombolo l alinganayo. Ml angase abe namanani ahlukene 2l +1 kusuka -L ukuba + l.
Okunye inombolo kazibuthe quantum libizwa spin - ms, okuyinto eziwumgogodla umfutho emincane ukunyakaza. Ukuze uqonde lokhu, omunye ungacabanga ukujikeleza electron kunjengokungathi kuma-axis awo siqu. Nks kungenzeka -1/2, +1/2, 1.
Ngokuvamile, noma ngabe isiphi inani eliphelele electron spin s = 1/2, futhi ms kuyinto kwelivi yayo ku-eksisi.

Pauli simiso athomu akukwazi electron ezimbili 4 quantum izinombolo ezifanayo. Okungenani eyodwa kubo kumele lingafani.
Rule sokuhlanganiswa amafomula ama-athomu.

1. Isimiso amandla okungenani. Ngokusho kwakhe, okokuqala ugcwalise amazinga kanye sub-amazinga ukuthi sesiseduze nengaphakathi ngokuvumelana nemithetho Klechkovskii.
2. Isikhundla ekhombisa ilungu njengoba electron ezindaweni wezinga lamandla sublevels:

• inombolo kufana nenombolo ye-athomu futhi inkokhelo yayo electron;
• Inombolo yezikhathi oluhambisana isibalo amazinga amandla;
• inombolo iqembu elifana inani Valence electron nakuyi-athomu;
• iqeqebana ubonisa ukusatshalaliswa yabo.

izinhlayiya Elementary kanye nuclei

Izinombolo quantum ku physics izinhlayiya aphansi kuyizici yabo yangaphakathi, enquma ekuhlanganyeleni futhi kugucuka amaphethini. Ngaphandle spin s, lo myalo Q kagesi, lapho bonke izinhlayiya aphansi zero noma inenombolo, emihle noma emibi; baryon B (e nezinhlayiya - zero noma oyedwa antiparticle - kuqanda, kushiywa munye); Lepton amacala lapho Le futhi LM zero, ubunye, futhi antiparticle - zero futhi kushiywa munye; usizo ngokwengqikithi nge spin inamba noma inombolo isigamu-inamba; strangeness S nabanye. Konke lokhu izinombolo quantum zisebenza kokubili izinhlayiya aphansi futhi nuclei athomu.
Ngokuyisisekelo, bebizwa lucobo enquma ezinyakazayo we kuyizinhlayiyana noma uhlelo futhi zigcinwa. Nokho, asikho isidingo sokuthi basonta bohlu ngokuqhubekayo wonke amanani kunokwenzeka.