Kuyizinhlayiyana Elementary: kuyini lokho?

Bambalwa abantu abazi into efana "electron", kodwa empeleni lisho ukuthi "kuyizinhlayiyana aphansi." Yiqiniso, abantu abaningi babe umqondo kancane ukuthi kuyini nokuthi kungani kudingeka ke. On kumathelevishini, ezincwadini, emaphephandabeni nakomagazini, lalezi zinhlobo akhonjiswa njengezimpawu amachashazi ezincane noma ubuhlalu. Ngenxa yalokhu, abantu abangafundile bakholelwa ukuthi ukuma izinhlayiya, futhi eqinisweni uyindilinga nokuthi zindiza ngokukhululekile, uxhumana, ubuso, njll Kodwa le ndlela yokucabanga ngokuyisisekelo okungalungile. Umqondo womkhosi kuyizinhlayiyana aphansi kunzima kakhulu ukukuqonda, kodwa akukephuzi kakhulu ukuzama ukuthola okungenani umqondo esinzima yemvelo elandayo lalezi zinhlobo.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu edlule, ososayensi babe edideka sina ukuthi kungani electron angawi nucleus, kusukela, ngokuvumelana Mechanics Newton, kuyilapho ngokubeka amandla akhe, kufanele nje ukuwela i-nucleus. Ngokumangalisayo, lokhu akwenzeki. Indlela ukuchaza lokhu?

Iqiniso lokuthi physics e incazelo zakudala kuyizinhlayiyana aphansi - malosovmestimymi izinto. Akukhona kuncike kunoma yimiphi imithetho physics abavamile, njengoba wenza ngokuvumelana nezimiso of quantum Mechanics. Isimiso esiyisisekelo kuleli cala, akwaziwa. Uthi ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba ngokunembile futhi kanyekanye ukuhlonza eziguquguqukayo ezimbili ezihlobene. Lapho kuqala wabo kunqunywa, kungenzeka kancane ukucacisa yesibili. Lenchazelo kusho ubudlelwane obuncane quantum, igagasi-kuyizinhlayiyana webumbacambili, Umhubhe umphumela, igagasi umsebenzi, nokuningi.

Isici sokuqala esibalulekile - iyona Ukudidiyela ukungaqiniseki ishayela. Kususelwa eziyisisekelo Mechanics classical, singakhumbula ukuthi umzimba umfutho kanye trajectory imiqondo bangamathe nolimi futhi njalo ecacile neqondile. Ake sizame ukuhambisa iphetheni emhlabeni ezincane. Ngokwesibonelo, i-kuyizinhlayiyana aphansi has ishayela eqondile. Khona-ke uma uzama ukucacisa trajectory of the ukunyakaza sizobhekana e izixhumanisi alibonakali. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-electron itholwa kanyekanye nhlobo amaphuzu esincane isikhala. Uma uzama ukugxilisa ku trajectory yayo, ngakho-ke umfutho kuba value esilufifi.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunzima ukukhomba noma iliphi inani ethize, wesibili ngokushesha iba lingaqinisekile. Lomgomo kusenhliziyweni izakhiwo negagasi izinhlayiya. Kuvele electron has a esicacile. Singasho ukuthi nguye ngesikhathi esifanayo nhlobo amaphuzu emkhathini, okuyinto engavimba nombono. Lokhu ukumelwa kusivumela ukuba bawuqonde ngokucace kakhudlwana ukuthi lwakha kuyizinhlayiyana aphansi.

Cishe kuphakama ukungaqiniseki ofanayo isilinganiso amandla esigcwele. Particle kuwuthinta ngokuqhubekayo, ngisho naphambi we cleaner ngokomzimba. Lokhu kusebenzelana eyathatha isikhathi esithile. Uma sicabange ukuthi lokhu sibalo sichazwa ucishe, amandla bese kuba alibonakali. Lokhu kwephula wamukele imithetho ukulondolozwa amandla esikhathini esifushane eyisibambiso.

iphethini Kwethulwa edonsa izinhlayiya ephansi amandla - izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya Amasimu ayisisekelo. inkambu okunjalo akuyona into eqhubekayo. It kwakhiwa izinhlayiya ezincane. I therebetween nokuxhumana bunikezwa ekushayweni izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya, okuyinto amuncwa nezinye izinhlayiya. Lokhu igcina lizinga amandla futhi yakha izinhlayiya esitebeleni aphansi okungakwazi awela nucleus.

izinhlayiya Elementary empeleni nolimi, nakuba ihluke nomunye isisindo kanye nezici ezithile. Ngakho-ke, ngeengaba ezithile zenzelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, hlobo nokuxhumana bungabonakala leptons futhi hadrons. Hadrons yena, zihlukaniswe mesons, okuyinto aqukethe quark ezimbili, futhi baryons, lapho isakhiwo kukhona quark ezintathu. I baryons kunazo owaziwa - the neutron nama-proton ke.

izinhlayiya Elementary kanye nezici zabo ukuvumela ukuhlukanisa izigaba ezimbili: bosons (nge inamba kanye zero spin) fermions (isigamu-inamba spin). kuyizinhlayiyana ngayinye ine antiparticle ayo onalezizimpawu okuphambene. Ukusimama nje proton, neutron nama leptons. Zonke ezinye izinhlayiya angaphansi asizange sibe izicucu futhi abe izinhlayiya esitebeleni.