Izinhlobo imijikelezo. Isiteji nobude imijikelezo

Yini esiyaziyo ngemijikelezo? Njengoba lo mqondo ihlobene ezimpilweni zethu futhi yini indima oyifezayo imvelo yethu? Yiqiniso, sonke siyazi ukuthi kuyini. Kodwa lezi izinhlobo imijikelezo kukhona, lokhu umbuzo mnandi.

Uyini umjikelezo

Lona umqondo jikelele ukuthi has ukusetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene umsebenzi womuntu. Cycle - lena ikakhulu isethi yezenzo.

Uma bakuchaza ngokuthi yigama elididiyelayo, kuba nokuvumelana siphelile yezingxenye impahla kanye lobuchwepheshe into noma umcimbi space kanye nesikhathi. Kusinda umbuthano izenzakalo ezithile ukuthi kungase kuphinde kushiwo abanye ngezikhawu noma ngaphandle kwalo.

Ukuze uthole kabanzi kulo mqondo, kubalulekile ukuba sicabangele izinhlobo eziyisisekelo imijikelezo. Leligama lisetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene isayensi nobuchwepheshe. Ngokwesibonelo, lingatholakala kwi-mathematics, ezomnotho, izinhlelo, i-physics, i-biology, i-geography, izincwadi kanye nabanye abaningi.

Yiziphi imijikelezo

Namuhla, lokhu okulandelayo bungabonakala:

1. Okwezomnotho:

- inhlangano lomjikelezo ukuphila;

- ngibone umjikelezo wokuphila kwe umkhiqizo;

- Ukukhiqizwa;

- yokusebenza;

- wezimali;

- Technology;

2. Umlando.

3. umjikelezo izinhlelo.

4. Math.

5. thermodynamic.

6. Life.

7. Kokuya esikhathini.

8. zobuhlanga.

9. Musical.

10. Umjikelezo izindaba.

11. Umjikelezo umshini.

12. Ukuqeqeshwa.

13. Geographic (solar, ezinqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga, imijikelezo sedimentary).

Ake sicabangele uhlobo imininingwane ngamunye.

Uyini umjikelezo kwezomnotho

izinkomba Iningi kwezomnotho kukhona ashukumisayo. Babengakaze yima unganyakazi futhi sishintsha njalo. Phakathi ezinye zazo kungabonwa cyclical, okusho ukuthi bese sikhule ke iwe futhi. Lezi iyehla iyenyuka abizwa ngokuthi imijikelezo kwezomnotho.

Kuyaphawuleka kutsi umnotfo cyclical kunoma yiliphi izwe, okuyinto esivela uhlobo emakethe umnotho.

Ngakho, umjikelezo kwezomnotho - kuyinto iyehla iyenyuka yansukuzonke e izinkomba ezahlukene zomnotho, okuyinto sisonke ukunikeza imvamisa othize futhi ukhuluma ngani umsebenzi kwezomnotho esikhathini esinikeziwe. Ngezinye izikhathi le nkathi ubizwa ngokuthi "ibhizinisi".

Umjikelezo kwezomnotho libhekene umnotho olulodwa ukukhiqizwa, idolobha, izwe, noma izifunda zomhlaba ngezikhathi ezikhethiwe.

Ukubikezela Iyophindela, kunzima ngandlela-thile (intuthuko noma ekuhlehleni), njengoba lokhu kuthonywa izici eziningi ezahlukene. Iyehla iyenyuka ngokuvamile okungajwayelekile.

umjikelezo kwezomnotho esiteji

Kukhona into efana isikhathi lomjikelezo emnothweni. Leli gama kungenxa nenkathi ephakathi izigaba ezimbili ezifanayo (izigaba) kwezomnotho umsebenzi isihloko emnothweni.

Izinyathelo ezine eziyisisekelo ukwakha iluphu ephelele.

Ngakho, esigabeni sokuqala umjikelezo kwezomnotho uzovuka. Lubonakala imvuselelo zonke izinqubo. Uma kuziwa umnotho wezwe kulesigaba lokwehla kwamandla emali liphansi, abathengi bavame ukwenza ukuthenga ukuthi uhlehliswe ngesikhathi kunezinkinga.

Eyesibili isigaba - eliphakeme. Phakathi Esigabeni sokuqala kukhona ukukhula ngokushesha kanye isiqongo ephawula eliphakeme umsebenzi ibhizinisi. Ukuze kazwelonke izinkomba umnotho isiqongo umsebenzi kwezomnotho ezingeni eliphansi abangasebenzi, ukusebenza kahle kakhulu amabhizinisi, ibhizinisi ezikhulayo nokukhuphula nenhloko-dolobha yalo ngokusebenzisa obolekisayo. Ngemva isiqongo ilandela ngokushesha ukuncipha.

Isigaba sesithathu - ukwehla. Lena esigabeni lapho umnotho kubhekene ukwehla emsebenzini, ekuhlaselweni ukuwohloka kwezomnotho. Umqulu zokukhiqiza izimpahla kanye nezinsizakalo kwehle, lizinga ukuwa utshalomali. Ngenxa yalezi zici iqala ukukhulisa izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi ukhula inani izimpahla, ukufunwa okuyinto engekho, kukhona ukuwa kwamanani, kungani ukuthola iholo abawayo, funa liqhubeka lincipha. Isikhathi eside futhi eyayizothatha isikhathi eside kwemnotfo ibizwa ngokuthi ukucindezeleka.

Isigaba sesine - phansi. Ngezansi iphuzu aphansi e umsebenti wetemnotfo. Kulesi sigaba, lizinga lalabamnyama labangasebenti likhulu kunawo wonke, lizinga ukukhiqizwa incane. Kukhona ukugeleza izimpahla ngokweqile ukuthi yenziwa izinkathi odlule. Amanani ayisekho falling, kancane kancane uqala ukwandisa umthamo zokukhiqiza. Lesi sigaba ngokuvamile kudlula ngokushesha, ngoba kufanele ivuke. Kodwa mlando uyisibonelo, lapho phansi umnotho yaqhubeka iminyaka 10 (Yokuwohloka Okukhulu e 1929-1939, ngokulandelana).

Izinhlobo imijikelezo kwezomnotho

Esikhathini ezincwadini zesayensi kunamaseli kuvunywe ngezigaba ngokusho isikhathi sabo futhi imvamisa. Ngokuvamile, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi izinhlobo imijikelezo kwezomnotho, kukhona amayunithi ezingaphezu kuka-1380.

Cabanga ngezigaba ethandwa kakhulu:

1. Imijikelezo iDemo Dzhozefa Kitchina. Ubude besikhathi - engu-2 kuya 4. Ososayensi ukuchaza lokhu ngenxa yokuthi zigcine wezwe igolide ukushintsha sonke isikhathi. Lokhu kwakunjalo 20s kwekhulu lama-20. Namuhla ososayensi ukuchaza ubude okunjalo emfushane umjikelezo kwezomnotho, khona isikhathi ukubambezeleka (lags) ukuthola ukukhiqizwa idatha ezidingekile ekuhwebeni. Izibonelo saturation wemakethe kwezimpahla ezithile. Ukukhiqiza wathola ulwazi ngasekupheleni, kungani kukhona ukukhiqiza ngokwedlulele kwezimpahla ekhiqizwa ngokuhamba emafektri alo.
2. Mid Clement Juglar umjikelezo. Cycle isikhathi - kusukela kwabaneminyaka engamashumi 7 kuya ku-10. Ngavula lezi imijikelezo Economist French. Ukwanda umjikelezo isikhathi ngenxa nje kuphela isikhathi lags Imininingwane ukukhiqizwa, kodwa futhi kubambezela izinqumo zokutshala izimali. Njengoba amabanga of umthwalo ibhizinisi ezingeni futhi ivolumu kwezimpahla Juglar umphelelisi lowombono ngokubukisisa yokuthi uhla futhi ivolumu utshalomali ezimpahleni ezingasuki phansi ibhizinisi, okuyinto ngenxa yalokho kwandisa isikhathi lag.
3. Cycle Simon Farrier (isigqi). Economist American futhi owathola uMklomelo KaNobel, wathola la imijikelezo ngo-1930. Ngokwe umjikeleto wemphilo imodeli, ubude inkathi eyiminyaka engu-15-20. Ukuchazwa isikhathi iphiko umjikelezo, umthelela izinqubo yobuzwe (kwatheleka njalo kwabokufika), kanye izinguquko emkhakheni wezokwakha. Ngenxa yalokhu jika Kuznets futhi ngokuthi "lokubala ubuningi babantu" noma "ukwakhiwa" imijikelezo. Kuze kube manje, bangaphezu kuka-Kuznets imijikelezo zibhekwa njengemikhiqizo "ubuchwepheshe", njengoba ngqo exhumene emisha njalo ezingeni zobuchwepheshe.
4. Yesikhathi eside ngemijikelezo Nikolaya Kondrateva (kusukela eminyakeni engu-40 kuya ku-60). Kukhona futhi ivuliwe kule 20s yekhulu lama-20. Zibizwa ngokuthi ama-K-wave noma K-imijikelezo. Iphathelene enjalo kokusungulwa kwemishini emisha ebalulekile efana injini umusi, ujantshi, ugesi, yangaphakathi omlilo engine, ubuchwepheshe bama-computer, nokuningi. Umthelela lomjikelezo kwesikhathi ungaba ushintsho olukhulu isakhiwo ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla.

Ungaphinde ukhethe imijikelezo ngisho isikhathi eside zinhlobo ezifana:

1. umjikelezo Forrester. Ubude nenkathi eyiminyaka engu-200 futhi ngenxa yokuthi ukushintsha ekukhiqizeni izinto futhi imithombo yamandla.
2. Toffler umjikelezo. Ngokulandela le-model umjikelezo wokuphila, kuze kuphele isikhathi kuba iminyaka eyinkulungwane 1-2. Uchaza usosayensi umjikelezo njalo ukuthuthukiswa impucuko kanye nokwethulwa ezintsha lososayensi kokubili theory kanye practice.

Ukuguquguquka kwempilo inhlangano

Lokho kuchaza leli gama? Kuyinto ibhizinisi eziyinkimbinkimbi izigaba ezithile ukuthuthukiswa esikhathini ukhona.

Izigaba eyinhloko ngibone umjikelezo wokuphila kwe inhlangano yilezi:

1. Ukuba. Esigabeni lesi, kukhona kumiswa umjikelezo wokuphila komkhiqizo (okwengeziwe ukuthi kamuva), izinjongo wenhlangano, search for abalingani nemibono ukulungiselela ukuqaliswa, iqoqo nabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe kanye ukukhululwa kwesivivinyo athola la maphilisi okukuqala. Kulesi sigaba, inhloko yakha isu ibhizinisi - amandla (amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu), oluhambelana (izidingo ezithile umthengi) noma niche (inzuzo phezu kwezinye izinkampani e sphere ezithile ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla namasevisi). Bala ubude umjikelezo zokukhiqiza
2. Eyesibili esiteji - ukukhula. Kulesi sigaba, ekukhuleni wenkampani, ukuphathwa ngcono, abasebenzi anda, owethulwa ezihlukahlukene yamaholo bese Standardization of umsebenzi owawenziwa ukuze ukwandisa nekusebenta yokusikwa ukukhiqizwa. Futhi lapha ukuhlaziywa ubuhlobo yenhlangano imvelo, ukubambisana yezinhloso zalo nezinto ezaziza kuqala kuye.
3. Ukukhula. Kulesi sigaba of umjikelezo wokuphila kwe ukukhula njengoba sinjalo wenhlangano kwenzeka. Ngalesi sikhathi inkampani engekho akufezi sesimweni ehola emakethe, liqhubeka umkhiqizo wawo uhla, ngcono ohlakeni lwale nhlangano. Uma inkampani ifinyelele esigabeni ukuvuthwa, ngakho-ke uyakwazi ukulondoloza isikhundla esitebeleni emakethe futhi akwazi ukuzibekela isibonelo izinhlangano "abasha".
4. Isigaba lokugcina lomjikelezo ukuphila ukwehla. Kulesi sigaba, kukhona ukwehla isidingo imikhiqizo, inzuzo ephansi. Vela izimbangi namandla emakethe, noma isidingo imikhiqizo nje iphele. Ulwazi kanye nesipiliyoni anqwabelene eminyakeni edlule khona lenkampani, ayisekho ukwazi kahle linamathele uhlelo le nkampani imibono. Kungani okuhlangenwe nakho awunasilinganiso manje uthola.

umjikelezo wokuphila Mkhiqizo

Lokhu, funa kuze kuphele isikhathi omunye umkhiqizo emakethe. Lolu cwaningo emakethe, okuhloswe ngokuyinhloko at emakethe umthengi. Isisekelo lena ukuqonda umjikelezo wokuphila - konke has isikhathi yayo khona emakethe, futhi ngesinye isikhathi ukubuyisela leyo umkhiqizo ufika entsha, okuthuthukile noma zamanani aphansi.

Njengasendabeni yabase izinhlangano, kukhona into ezifana esigabeni lomjikelezo ukuphila umkhiqizo. Kunezinhlobo ezine:

1. Isinyathelo ukuqaliswa. Kulesi sigaba, inkampani okhula emakethe umkhiqizo omusha, ucabangela nesidingo esizayo umkhiqizo. Ngokuvamile, ngalesi sikhathi kukhona ongaphakeme yokuthengisa ukukhula, kungenzeka ukulahlekelwa. Izindleko zocwaningo emakethe ubuncane, ezingeni wokuncintisana ephansi.
2. Ukukhula Stage. Kulesi sigaba, ungakwazi ukugcina ukukhula okusheshayo isidingo imikhiqizo. Yandisa yokuthengisa nemali kwabakhiqizi. Uma funa iqala awe, izimpahla egcinwe emafektri njengoba abagcwalisa iqala ukulahla intengo izimpahla ukudayiswa yayo okusheshayo.
3. Stage ukuvuthwa saturation. Iningi labo lifuna ukuba izimpahla baye ungenzanga kanjalo, kungani awafuni sokukhula isithakazelo esinjalo okusheshayo e umkhiqizo kulahleka. Ngenxa yalokho, izinga isidingo ifinyelela isiqongo futhi ewa, isethwe ku iphuzu othize.
4. Isinyathelo ukwehla. Lapho emakethe iconsi komthwalo ngokufunwa, izimali ezivela yokuthengisa of izimpahla kanye imiqulu kusebenta kwaso, ngakho nhlangano esigabeni se-yokujikelezisa umkhiqizo "ukwehla". Kulokhu, lo ngokuqinile inikeza izindlela ezine aphume isimo: ngcono uhlelo lokumaketha, ubuyekeze umklamo womkhiqizo ushintsho isikhundla salo emakethe noma ukwesulwa ukukhiqizwa umkhiqizo othize.

umjikelezo zokukhiqiza

Lokhu iqoqo izenzo nge izimpahla zamanje eziphathekayo (amafa ezithathekayo lenkampani - amafa zitshalwa ngokheshi nokuthi kungenziwa Yaphenduka imali emjikeletweni). Okungukuthi, abangabantwana umjikelezo zokukhiqiza - kwesikhathi esithile phakathi ukuthengwa zokwakha kokukhiqiza umkhiqizo osuphelile.

Isikhathi umjikelezo nokukhiqiza-isitshalo ngasinye sihlukile. Konke kuncike yinkimbinkimbi umkhiqizo yokukhiqiza inqubo, ukuthengisela materials, imishini nokunye okuningi.

Idatha elandelayo kuyodingeka ukubala umjikelezo:

- okuyisikhathi umjikelezo umsebenzi;

- nesikhathi esiphelele kokuphazamiseka (kokubili izizathu lwenhlangano lobuchwepheshe baphule ngokuvumelana inkampani ukusebenza schedule);

- isikhathi izinqubo zemvelo.

Isikhathi senqubo isikhathi - isikhathi ngesikhathi lapho umuntu ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile kuthinta izinto zomsebenzi (izinto womshini izimpahla). Okungukuthi, abangabantwana yokukhiqiza oqondile zokukhiqiza (zobuchwepheshe umjikelezo ukukhiqiza). Kubalulekile futhi acabangele kuphela isikhathi esichithwa, okungadingi ukusebenzisa parallel inqubo umjikelezo. Ngakho, wanezela zonke ezibalwe ngenhla ngezikhathi, sithola ubude umjikelezo ukukhiqiza.

umjikelezo yokusebenza

Lona umqondo ezibanzi, kusukela, ngaphezu umjikelezo zokukhiqiza, namanje ihlanganisa isikhathi sokukhokha umkhiqizo osuphelile. Esimweni lapho inkampani isebenza ku ukukhokhelwa kusengaphambili, ekupheleni umjikelezo yokusebenza kuyoba nesikhathi sisahlela izimpahla, hhayi inkokhelo.

Yiqiniso, isikhathi lomjikelezo yokusebenza beyoba yisikhathi ngaphezu umjikelezo ukukhiqiza. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izihibe emifushane kukhona kunhlangano, le kuyingozi izosebenza, kanye nezinga nokugcinwa izimpahla zamanje ngezansi. Kulokhu, uma umjikelezo lide kakhulu, ebiza ngaphezulu kuyoba inkampani ngenxa isidingo njalo ngoba imithombo eyengeziwe ngokulungiswa kwemigwaqo imali.

Bala umjikelezo wokusebenza ibhizinisi kulula. Amapharamitha abalandelayo ngokwanele ukwazi:

- isikhathi lomjikelezo ukukhiqizwa;

- ukuvuthwa Receivables (ERA);

Isamba kwesikhathi lomjikelezo ukukhiqizwa futhi ukuvuthwa okungavunyelwe ukulwa kuyo, kanti futhi kuyoba ubude yokusebenza umjikelezo ibhizinisi sika.

Ukuze abale ukuvuthwa Receivables, lemali edingekile ukuze wakhe - ngaphandle izinkokhelo kusengaphambili - ihlukaniswe ngenani lemali engenayo (net). Isamba okuholela kufanele iphindwe izinsuku ezingu-365.

Ezinye izinhlobo imijikelezo

Life - ukulandelana izigaba zentuthuko lapho zonke izinhlobo eziphilayo e inqubo ontogenesis.

umjikelezo zomlando - umbuthano othile wesayensi zomlando, ukutadisha Izenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule; abanye ososayensi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi konke eyindilinga, ngendlela efanayo emlandweni kwasuka khona ezinye zezenzakalo ezikule ncwadi cyclical.

Cycle izinhlelo - thize yezenzo okuphindaphindiwe. Lena yingxenye ikhodi othize uhlelo wenza umsebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubhala uhlelo yabalwa kusukela ku-1 kuya 1000, ngoba kudingeka wakhe ukubhala iluphu ukuthi phinde it.

Mathematical - umzila avaliwe vertices igrafu (iqoqo vertices nemigqa, ezixhunywe ngokwengxenye ngokugcwele noma), okuyinto ebalulekile eyaba chain.

umjikelezo thermodynamic - ekulandelaneni izinqubo thermodynamic, lapho ukushisa ukuguqulwa okwenzeka emsebenzini (umjikelezo Carnot).

Menstrual - inkathi lapho uhlelo nekutala abesifazane uyashintsha futhi ukulungiselela ukukhulelwa kungenzeka. Okuphindaphindayo ngezikhawu ngenyanga.

umjikelezo kwedemografikhi - inqubo yokuzala kwetisebenti (ngokuya kwezomnotho).

Umculo - iqoqo imisebenzi ezimele, bahlanganiswe omunye umqondo. Ngokwesibonelo, umjikelezo "Nezinkathi ', elichazwa ngu bomculo ezintathu - Antonio Vivaldi, Petrom Ilichom Chaykovskim futhi Astor Piazzolla.

Umjikelezo umlando - liphinde iqoqo imisebenzi, bahlanganiswe omunye umqondo. Futhi-ke ngokuthi "tetemibhalo" umjikelezo.

Ukushintshashintsha kwezinkathi umshini - inkathi yesikhathi lapho umshini iphindwa ukusebenza efanayo, kuhlanganise nesikhathi imisebenzi asizayo.

I kwenyanga umjikelezo - inkathi lapho inyanga sihamba sonke izigaba zayo futhi ubuyela esigabeni sokuqala "kwenyanga."