Ngobani izicukuthwane, nabakhulu?

Ngobani izicukuthwane? Lesi sigaba engenhla, obabukhona eRussia kusukela 10 kuya 17 leminyaka. Ikilasi nelungelo futhi izikhulu omkhulu futhi eziqondile.

Ukuvela of the boyars

Ngo sabaphathi yabakhulu wahola ngokushesha ngemva Grand Duke, iqhaza eceleni kwabo egqoke kuhulumeni.

Lesi sigaba elavelela wangekhulu lesi-9, lapho kumiswa isimo Russian lasendulo. Phakathi kwabo ngaphakathi 10-11 eminyaka kuphela, kwase kunamaphephandaba sezikhulu boyars zemstvo. Okokuqala siye ngokuthi amadoda Knyazhye, kanti okwesibili - abadala Gradska. Kuyinto yokugcina ka-Izicukuthwane zamaKhosi. Lapho ngekhulu le-11 Knyazhye amadoda bamdela, bona ihlanganiswe ne boyars zemstvo, abe izindlu olulodwa.

Izikhulu kanye boyars ezindabeni isimo ekhulwini 12-15

Njengoba izicukuthwane babe akhonze kwesikhulu, imisebenzi yabo yayihlanganisa inkonzo ebuthweni lakhe. Nokho babenemibuzo kodwa bengazitholi eziningi amalungelo: unelungelo sokuhamba kwesinye isikhulu; amandla aphelele kanye nokubuswa endaweni kwamazwe lakubo lendabuko; akhonze ngaphansi kwakhe.

I nokwehlukaniswa Russia, senzeka eminyaka 12-15, lokhu kwaholela ekubeni buthakathaka amandla phezu kwesikhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho landa ngamandla umnotho wezindawo ekilasini boyar, ukukhula usithonye zezombusazwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, ensimini ka-Galicia-naseVolyn ubukhulu namazwe Novgorod ku 13 Izicukuthwane ekhulwini wathatha izintambo zombuso, okuyinto kwenziwa ku emikhandlwini okuthiwa. Ngenxa kwethonya elinamandla isigaba Chernigov, Polotsk-Minsk, Murom-Ryazan ubukhulu azange abe namandla esinamandla yenkosana.

Ukubangisana sezikhulu boyars-patrimonial

Ukuze kuncishiswe ithonya boyars-patrimonial izikhulu yakhetha servitors boyars nabakhulu.

Lapho kusukela engxenyeni yesibili ka ngekhulu le-14 amandla kwesikhulu zaqala ukuhluma futhi, kwakukhona okuthiwa ezinye boyars abaphendula ngokunengqondo. igunya wabo ukuphatha amagatsha umnotho esigodlweni.

Bobani abanye boyars ezinengqondo? Lokhu nomkhwenyana, Falconer, chashnichy njll Futhi, babephathwa nababusi, ukuphathwa okuyinto indawo ehlukile yanika kubo ukondla.

Ukwakheka kwesimo eyodwa kwaholela ukuvinjelwa amalungelo boyars, okuyinto ukuvaleka ukwenaba amasosha omzimba, usizi futhi ukuqedwa ekupheleni sokuhamba kwesokudla ngekhulu le-15 kuya kwenye kokwesikhulu. isimo ekilasini Social ishintshile.

Ukusatshalaliswa amandla ekhulwini 15-17

Bobani boyars kusukela ngekhulu le-15? Manje isikhundla eliphakeme phakathi servitors we lawobaba. Ukuba khona isiqu esinjalo kwakusho ukuthi abantu babengasoze iqhaza emisebenzini ye-Boyar Duma wanika ilungelo lokuba aphakeme isikhundla dumnyi. Boyars, njengoba umthetho, manje etholakala kwi okuthunyelwe main zokuphatha, zokwahlulela nakwezempi, yema ngasemnyango inhloko oda.

Boyars votchinniki, uyaqhubeka ukuba simelane umbuso akha isimo eyodwa, zibancishe amalungelo amaningi ezenhlalo, ezomnotho nezombusazwe. Zonke izinhlobo imibhikisho izinkulumo ngokushesha ukuyiveza. Boyar Izicukuthwane ihlaselwe kanzima yi-oprichnina u-Ivan IV.

Njengoba sekunama ukuze esihlalweni sobukhosi Romanovs ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla phakathi amakilasi ishintshile kakhulu. Manje, kwezomnotho kwaqinisa servitors boyars futhi izikhulu kwekhulu le-17, kuyilapho abaningi lwamakhosi yizicukuthwane kumisiwe. Kungenxa yalezi zizathu ukuthi kancane kancane waqala ukudla, ukuze babonwe ukunyamalala ngezigaba phakathi kwamadoda asebukhosini kanye gentry. Futhi lapho lawela futhi patrimonial bomhlaba, ngokomyalo ngo-1714, ibumbane, futhi abazange ngasese munye welithi "kulendawo". Kamuva, leli gama lushintshwe elithi "ibha" noma "Nkosi."

Ngo 1682 uyekwa localism, futhi manje boyars kancane ahileleke nezindaba zomphakathi. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, uPetru mina ngokuphelele kuhlehlisiwe isihloko wohlanga olukhulu.

Impilo boyars nabakhulu

Ezicukuthwaneni nabakhulu kwekhulu le-17 e-Russia, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, babuthene ndawonye isigaba esisodwa.

Uma sikhuluma ngempilo, ke zobuciko esele yesikhathi lingahunyushwa baphetha ukuthi izikhulu futhi izigodi le boyars 'kwadingeka eziningi izikhali nezinto esiliva, obubizayo nangezinto ikhaya umhlobiso. Ngekhulu le-17, izigodi eziningi yaphenduka izinqaba amakhosi asendulo, okuyinto angaphila esuka kubantu 60 kuya ku-80.

Ukubukeka okunethezeka kuqala kweqiniso ngesikhathi Manor kungokwalabo 10-11 eminyaka. Kancane kancane, ezinye zazo kule nkambo yezinguquko ahlukahlukene zonakale. Abanikazi ukusebenzisa izigodi zabo. Kodwa abameleli zabasebenzi engumthengisi, wakwazi ukugcina ingcebo insimu eminyaka 16-17 esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe izindonga eziphakeme izigodi zabo, futhi zizenza izinqaba zangempela.

Gen. boyars nabakhulu ekhulwini le-17

Ukungena kancane kancane imodeli European lokuphila izindlu nemali eyanele yokuzinakekela kuqala kuye kwaholela ukukhathazeka lenyuka cishe induduzo ukuphila. Ikhona yini enye indlela ukuqonda abangababiziweyo nezicukuthwane, nezicukuthwane? Ephakeme ngokwezimali ekilasini evikelekile tshengisa it ngezinga ababengenza ngalo: baqala ukuvela etafuleni ezihlukahlukene Cutlery kanye napkins, izitsha ngabanye kanye zokudla kuhlanzekile yini. Manje ilungu ngalinye lomkhaya kwadingeka ekamelweni elihlukile. Ikakhulukazi lwamakhosi ocebile esetshenziswa izitsha zobumba, ithini zethusi.

Abamele amagama owaziwa isikhathi (. Golitsyn, Naryshkin Odoevsky, Morozov, njll) ehlotshisiwe indlu yabo enkulu amatshe izimfashini zamuva European: izindonga lodonga ezibizayo, okhaphethi, futhi isikhumba; futhi iphethini olunamagama; inani elikhulu imithombo ukukhanya, ezifana izibani ezilengayo amakhandlela zokuhlobisa.

Manginikhumbuze nezinceku waqala ukuba sigqoke ngendlela European: izindwangu lula ezibizayo, isitayela khulula, izinto zegolide nezesiliva efekethisiwe kanye amagugu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izingubo aseYurophu ngaphandle kunokuba okuyinto njalo eRussia kwekhulu le-17, isigaba nelungelo ngezindlela eziningi waqala ukulandela izitayela fashion Western.

Esinye isici esisha ekuphileni olunikezwa boyars nabakhulu baba yokuzilibazisa. Ukudlala chess, uya amakhonsathi neminye ukuzijabulisa buye baba ingxenye ebalulekile ezimpilweni alo muntu ocebile. Bathuthela ezinqoleni ukukhanya nge iziphethu, nezinceku ngemuva, egqoka wigs, futhi la madoda aqala phuca ubuso bakhe.

Burgher elite Ayephila ukuphila okuphansi. nabameleli bayo begqoke broadcloth ingubo, ifenisha nezitsha zalo kwakumelwe hhayi eqolo ngakho. Kodwa futhi ezimpilweni zabo kwakukhona isifiso sokufuna ukunethezeka kwezinto. Emakamelweni ungabona imidwebo, amawashi, izibuko. isivakashi reception kwenziwa e staterooms ekhethekile.

Izicukuthwane wazama ukukopisha zonke izindlu zasebukhosini, yebo, hhayi ngobuhle yasebukhosini, kodwa namanje. inxuluma abo avela iwindi nge mica, ifenisha ezenziwe ngokhuni ezibaziweyo, amatshe zesitezi.

Bobani boyars e Wallachia naseMoldavia?

Ensimini ka Wallachia naseMoldavia kwamiswa isigaba izinduna ekhulwini le-14. Ngaphakathi ke kwakukhona ngezigaba ezithile. boyars IsiZulu babe abanikazi bashtin (izigodi), kanye ne-Local - isibonelelo izigodi. On the umehluko phakathi kwabo baba esilufifi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Njengengxenye boyars ezimele Romanian kwekhulu le-19 kwakukhona abantu kusukela kubathengisi ezinkulu nezikhulu. Kulezi zindawo, ukuqedwa boyars njengoba ekilasini kuphela iphutha Mashi 22, 1945 in ukuqaliswa komthetho nokuletha uguquko kwezolimo.

Amagama athi "ezicukuthwaneni" futhi "izikhulu" umlando

Ngobani izicukuthwane, nabakhulu? Ukunqunywa izindaba linikeza impendulo ecacile sikubeke kulo mbuzo.

Nobles - the abameleli besigaba obuyigugu kwavela umphakathi amakhosi asendulo.

Boyars - abameleli ungqimba phezulu umphakathi amakhosi asendulo, obabukhona kusukela 10 kuya ekhulwini le-17 ensimini ka Kievan Rus, eMoscow ubukhulu, isiBulgaria, ubukhulu eMoldavia Wallachia, kusukela ngekhulu XIV eRomania.