Ziyini izigaba ekuthuthukiseni sihamba umphakathi? Izigaba main yentuthuko umphakathi

Ziyini izigaba ekuthuthukiseni sihamba umphakathi? Ngaphambi kokuba siphendule lo mbuzo, siphawula ukuthi ekuthuthukisweni kwezenhlalo zomlando ngakho - kuyinqubo leyehlukehlukene kunzima kakhulu. It vuko lwenzeka phakathi nenkathi sasivumela omude futhi kuhlanganisa zezombusazwe, zomthetho, kwezomnotho, yengqondo ebhaliwe, ngokomoya, ngokokuziphatha kanye nezinye izingxenye eziningi ezakha abanye ubuqotho. Izazi eziningi ziye abezama impendulo yabo umbuzo ukuthi yiziphi izinyathelo ezithathwa umphakathi sokugcwaliseka kwaso. Kulesi sihloko thina cabanga ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela eziyisisekelo kanye ngezigaba ehlongozwayo ngu abacwaningi owaziwa ngale ndaba.

Ngokucacile we ucwaningo lwezenhlalo ukuthuthukiswa komlando umphakathi

A ucwaningo lwezenhlalo leli qiniso kunzima, okokuqala ngoba kunzima ukuhlukanisa isici yezenhlalakahle langempela. Futhi kunzima ukunquma okuqukethwe welithi "yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle" ngokuhamba inqubo zomlando. Futhi konke lokhu kufanele kwenziwe ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo: "? Ziyini izigaba ekuthuthukiseni sihamba umphakathi" Abacwaningi ngokuvamile ukunakwa lami laliphathwa yayigxile ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi kanye komlando isihloko nomphakathi. Abakwazi ukwenza njengoba umuntu, umphakathi othile (isib Russian), kanye neqembu izinkampani (Latin American, European), isizwe, iqembu kwezenhlalo, isikhungo yezenhlalakahle (umndeni, kuhlelo lefundo), inhlangano emphakathini. Kungaba inhlanganisela (amabhizinisi kazwelonke kwezomnotho, ezombusazwe, inkampani ukuhweba-ezimbonini). Nokho, sinesithakazelo kuphela umbuzo onjani izigaba ekuthuthukisweni yayo sihamba nasemphakathini wonkana.

Impucuko futhi uhlobo lomphakathi

Inzalo omkhulu kunayo yonke-social sciences kuyinto ekuthuthukisweni kwezenhlalo zomlando emphakathini njengenhlangano amayunithi ebalulekile emphakathini. Yiqiniso, it siqukethe ukuthuthukiswa amakilasi ngabanye, amaqembu omphakathi, izikhungo, izinhlangano, nemiphakathi. Nokho, esigabeni ngasinye ukuthuthukiswa sayo sezenhlalo zomlando inkampani ethile kuba ubuqotho, okuyiwona ukuhlaziywa kanye nencazelo ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa imiqondo ehlukene. Bangakwazi ngamaqembu amabili - ". Uhlobo lomphakathi" "nempucuko" futhi Lezi imiqondo njani isimo qualitative emazingeni ahlukahlukeneko wendlela ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle zomlando. Badinga ukuchazelwa ukuze anikeze impendulo yombuzo: "? Ziyini izigaba inkampani labetibambile ekuthuthukisweni yayo"

Igama elithi "uhlobo lomphakathi"

Ngaphansi lo mqondo kusho uhlelo amayunithi ezihlelekile (izikhungo, amaqembu omphakathi, imiphakathi, njll), uxhumana nomunye futhi oxhumene by ezinye izimiso ophila izindinganiso zomphakathi uyakwazisa ezivamile kubo.

Kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ngezigaba imiphakathi. I aphansi kakhulu - division yabo ibe elula eziyinkimbinkimbi. emuva Sakhe kwekhulu le-19 uphakamise lokho Herbert Spencer.

ngezigaba Spencer

Ukuphendula umbuzo ukuthi yiziphi izinyathelo ezithathwa umphakathi sihamba ekuthuthukisweni yayo, ososayensi baye phambili umbono wokuthi imiphakathi lihamba nge izikhathi isimo okubizwa ngokuthi homogeneity nanini ku okuphambene - a heterogeneity ezithile, nokuhlanganisa okwandisa kanye kwamangqamuzana zobuntu, nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana namasiko. Ngokushesha, siphawula ukuthi ukwahlukana kunemibandela kakhulu. Phela, ngisho inkampani kakhulu elula - ephilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngisho ngaphansi sobala ukuthi eziphathelene uhlelo bakudala emphakathini ihlelwe kulula kunalokho, isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa yesimanje. Ngakho-ke, ngezigaba Spencer sika alikhombisi kakhulu.

Ukuhlukaniswa umphakathi zibe ezimbonini kanye bendabuko

Kodwa Spencer akuyena kuphela owanikeza impendulo yombuzo othi: "? Ziyini izigaba inkampani labetibambile ekuthuthukisweni yayo" Omunye ezivamile kude kuyinto ngeengaba owasungulwa Comté, K.-Saint-Simon, Emile Durkheim nezinye zezenhlalo division zibe zezimboni kanye zendabuko. Ngokuvamile nomqondo "umphakathi wendabuko" isetshenziselwa ukuchaza ukuthi izigaba ukuthuthukiswa, okuyinto pre-Capitalist. Lokho iqoqo abantu ngalesi sikhathi ongakabi athuthukile eziyinkimbinkimbi ezimbonini. Kusekelwe kakhulu emnothweni wezolimo. umphakathi njalo is ongasanyakazi emphakathini. Esizukulwaneni amaphethini isizukulwane yokuziphatha kanye namafomu yokuphila evamile adluliswa cishe zinjalo. Umphumela kwezimboni kuyinto umphakathi zezimboni. Kungenisa ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha mass ukufunda nokubhala, lunye okhokhelwayo. umphakathi okunjalo kusekelwe ngokuyinhloko emnothweni ezimbonini. It uhlelo zenhlalakahle kanye ekilasini nokuhlukanisa zezimboni zomsebenzi. Kuyinto ashukumisayo, libhekene emisha njalo kwezobuchwepheshe kanye engokwesayensi neyezobuchwepheshe kanye ezisunguliwe, ezingeni lelisetulu ukuhamba.

uhlelo zomlando Wallerstein sika

Kunezinye imicabango yabantu kulokho esiteji emphakathini sokugcwaliseka kwaso. Impendulo yalo mbuzo, esekelwe umbono omunye ehamba phambili yesimanje zezenhlalo Western Imanuweli Wallerstein, inganikelwa kanje. Lokhu usosayensi aluthole Kwabiwa ledzingekako izinhlelo zomlando. Ngayinye yalezi izinhlelo kusekelwe uhlobo oluthile nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi. Kutfutfukisa ezikhungweni ezahlukene (usikompilo nenhlalo, ezombusazwe, ezomnotho) okwagcina ukunquma ukuqaliswa izimiso eziyisisekelo zalesi simiso, komphakathi amaqembu kanye nabantu. Wallerstein uveza ukuthi umuntu angathola izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene izinhlelo zomlando. Omunye wabo - sekuneminyaka mayelana 500-600 neminyaka kosozimali umnotho womhlaba (yesimanje). Enye - uMbuso WaseRoma. Wesithathu itholakala Melika, izakhiwo Mayan Central. izinhlelo zomlando Small, kukhona omningi. Kusukela umbono we umcwaningi, ushintsho lwangempela emphakathini Kwenzekani lapho ushintsho iqala kusukela kusistimu eyodwa zomlando kwenye. Lokhu akusho nomthelela kuwukuphikisana ahlukahlukene yangaphakathi kunqunywa ukunyamalala yayo. Nokungasebenzi operation indlela unjani kuvula indlela yokuba nabanye, izindlela ezingcono.

Kwemihlambi izinhlobo ezahlukene imiphakathi kuvumela abacwaningi ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kusukela izikhundla ezahlukene futhi izici ezihlukahlukene cwaningo yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle nomnikazi zomlando silihlobanise njengoba inqubo yehlukene kaningi okubalwa, ne ezihlukahlukene izinkomba nezimpawu ezichazayo.

The main izinhlobo zenhlalakahle kanye zomlando imiphakathi

Ukuze afingqa ukubukwa ngenhla, kanye nezinye zezenhlalo nezazi zefilosofi, osomnotho nezazi-mlando, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa kafushane, ngefomu kwendikimba, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zenhlalakahle kanye zomlando (izigaba yentuthuko somphakathi wesintu)

- kuyatholakala kusuka ukuqoqwa izipho bemvelo nokuzingela imiphakathi abazingeli kanye ababutha;

- enifeza ukutshala yokufakelwa zezitshalo ukutshala izwe imiphakathi wezolimo;

- esekelwe ukutshalwa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zasekhaya nezilwane izinkomo;

- ikakhulukazi esekelwe wezandla kanye ukukhiqizwa bendabuko yezolimo (kuzo kukhona yangasese, edolobheni, amandla wombuso, amakilasi, ukuhweba, sibitelo);

- ngokuyinhloko lapho kuvezwa imishini ezimbonini imiphakathi zezimboni;

- esikhundleni postindustrial ezimbonini.

Esikhathini esidlule, njengoba kwaphawula u-abalobi abaningi, kuba isisekelo somnotho zokukhiqiza akuyona izimpahla kangaka ezahlukene lalapho kuhlalwa khona njengoba ulwazi, ulwazi, kanye inkonzo umkhakha.

Ngokuvamile, lokhu typology, echaza izigaba eyinhloko ekukhuleni komphakathi, bamukela abameleli ngokwanele kabanzi we humanities kanye nesayensi yezenhlalo emazweni ahlukahlukene. Livame ukusetshenziswa ukwakhiwa ezikhethekile kakhudlwana futhi enemininingwane imiqondo yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle nomnikazi zomlando.

Umqondo "nempucuko"

Ngo kwabantu, ifilosofi kwezenhlalo futhi izifundo zamasiko uqokomisa izinhlobo isakhiwo amasiko nezenhlalo yomphakathi ngosizo "nempucuko" umqondo. Nokho, uma uhlobo lomphakathi ikakhulukazi ugcizelela isimo nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana, ubudlelwane kanye nezakhiwo, emphakathini umqondo kugcizelelwa izici ezingokomoya, ezingokwenhlalo, kwamasiko nenkolo ka imiphakathi ehlukene.

uhlobo Cultural-zomlando

Ukuze leli gama futhi umqondo eduze ezihlongozwayo ekhulwini le-19 N.Ya.Danilevsky, isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu Russian nefilosofi ( "uhlobo kwamasiko-zomlando"). Lokhu umcwaningi wayephakathi ongqondongqondo kuqala wazama ukuba ubalekele isithombe ezivamile ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle zomlando kuphela njengoba yomugqa, inqubo Planar. Kukholakala ukuthi abantu kwakhiwa izinhlobo zamasiko-zomlando ukuthi kuhluke kakhulu phakathi kwabo. Wayecabangela nenqubo esiyinhloko Ukukhetha izinhlobo "ziyezwana kolimi", indawo, inkolo, psihoetnograficheskoe ubunye, ukuzimela kwezombusazwe, izinhlobo zemisebenzi kwezomnotho, kanye namanye izici. Danilevskii (eboniswe ngezansi) ziphakathi kwezinto eziyishumi izinhlobo Assyrio-iBhabhiloni, isiShayina, umGibhithe, Iranian, Indian, isiGreki, isiHebheru, isi-Arabhu, isi-roman, European (German-roman).

Ngamunye wabo ngezigaba zayo zokuthuthukisa emjikelezweni wokuphila, ezifana imvelaphi, ukuthuthukiswa, ukuqhakaza, ukuwohloka. Ngemva kwalokho, uhlobo olusha kwamasiko-zomlando kuziwa ephambili umlando iplanethi yethu. Ngokusho Danilevsky, ukusungulwa Slavic impucuko kwenzekani emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka. It libhekene esiteji yabo samanje ekukhuleni komphakathi. Wabikezela ikusasa impucuko enkulu Slavic. Concept Danilevsky, naphezu conservatism zezombusazwe kanye nenombolo ye naivete theory, sibaluleke kakhulu ngoba zinikeza isithombe-non-komugqa ekuthuthukiseni zomlando emphakathini. It kusikisela ukuba khona kwehliswa kwelizinga zomlando, zigzags, ngisho nokubhujiswa lobuKhristu ngaphambilini zanqwabelana amasiko.

umbono Toynbee

Kamuva, umbono wentuthuko cyclical kwaba ngemisebenzi Spengler baqhubeka, isazi sefilosofi isiJalimane, futhi ikakhulukazi u-Arnold Toynbee, isazi-mlando ngesiNgisi. Ngu Toynbee impucuko ngamunye (futhi sisesigodlweni emlandweni wesintu impucuko olunezinombolo 21, kuhlanganise core 13) kwelula sokugcwaliseka kwaso avaliwe sokuphila. Ihamba kusukela ekuzalweni kuze kube sekufeni futhi yokubola. Toynbee ikhomba impucuko enkulu 5: Russian, Western, Islamic, Indian kanye Chinese. Yena wanakisisa izizathu impucuko befa. Toynbee, ngokukhethekile, babekholelwa ukuthi ukusekelwa amandla okuphila isiko elithile, "elite yokudala" salo e esithile abakwazi ukubhekana abasafufusa izinkinga zomlando kanye nezenhlalakahle. It liphenduka esincane zihlukanisiwe sabantu obusa kuye akukho ilungelo negunya, namandla kufanele eqinile. Ekuhlaziyeni kokugcina, umcwaningi, lezi zinqubo ukubhubhisa impucuko.

Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi yiziphi izinyathelo ezithathwa umphakathi esiqhutshwa nentuthuko yezomnotho ngokuvumelana Toynbee.

Umqondo impucuko ngokwesayensi yokuhlalisana kwabantu

Ngokwesayensi yokuhlalisana kwabantu (futhi, ngaphezulu ngokuvamile ku humanities kanye nesayensi yezenhlalo) eminyakeni yamuva isiba umqondo ngokuya ezivamile impucuko, uma ufuna ukuchaza ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi kanye zomlando. Lokhu kungenxa kakhulu yokuthi umqondo kaMarx ibusa ngokuphelele isayensi Soviet kwezenhlalo, owawuthi emlandweni zokwakheka kwezenhlalo nezomnotho ekhona, sinqatshiwe iningi ososayensi bezenhlalo njengoba lolumalula futhi ngokweqile politicized. Umqondo impucuko okwamanje lisetshenziswa ezincwadini yasekhaya ngokwesayensi ezintweni ezintathu eziyinhloko:

- okulandelayo esigabeni ngesihluku yentuthuko usikompilo nenhlalo yomphakathi;

- uhlobo usikompilo nenhlalo (isiRashiya, European, Chinese, Japanese nezinye impucuko);

- njengoba kakhulu ezingeni lamanje ubuchwepheshe, intuthuko yezenhlalo nezomnotho, ezombusazwe nezamasiko.

Ngisho esikoleni siqala ukubazi nalokho izigaba zomphakathi ekuthuthukisweni yayo. Libanga 8 - sekuyisikhathi ukufunda udaba. Nokho, isikole isihloko kukhona sasivumela ezingabalulekile. impendulo enemininingwane yombuzo lanikezwa lesi sihloko ngalokho izinyathelo umphakathi sihamba. Ingasetshenziselwa ngoba belungiselela amakilasi kanye izivivinyo, hhayi kuphela abafundi, kodwa futhi abafundi.