Izitshalo spore: izibonelo, izici, ezihlukahlukene

abathandi Botany ukumamatheka obusolisayo lapho ukulalela Legends mayelana ebusuku ka-Ivan Kupala. Ngingayithola kanjani imbali Fern? Ngubani ukuthi ngokwejwayelekileyo Ngafikelwa? Ngingayithola kanjani into akukaze kukhona emvelweni?

Kubathandi bemvelo abaningi zihlukaniswe ku izimila eziqhakazayo nezinhlobo cryptogamic. Cryptogamic ngokuthi izitshalo spore, izibonelo iluphi okuzoxoxwa ngalo esihlokweni namuhla.

izitshalo spore: isingeniso sokuqala

Ake uqale nge incazelo emfushane ukwazana. Igama elithi "ingxabano" beza kithi kusukela ngolimi lwesiGreki. Ehunyushiwe kusho "imbewu" noma "imbewu." Kuyinto ukwakheka ezincane kakhulu kabani usayizi - 1 Micron.

Kwakheka izitshalo spore isikhathi eside. Eqinisweni, bona - inzalo ngqo ye izitshalo, aphuma olwandle ezweni. Ngu izitshalo spore eziveza akuyona nje Fern. Ososayensi baye wabahlukanisa ngezigaba ezimbili: yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi. Emkhakheni yokuqala - Izinhlobo wona club, horsetails futhi moss. In the yesibili - ulwelwe kanye ulele.

Ukuguquguquka kwempilo izitshalo spore

Uma sikhuluma ephakeme spore eziphilayo, banalo kakhulu umjikelezo wokuphila. Lapha ungakwazi ukubona ngaphakathi alternation of abantu ngokobulili futhi asexual kwezinhlobo. Ngakho, imifanekiso, kuncike zilwane, kuyinto ucansi noma asexually. Yonke umjikelezo ukuphila okuqhubekayo. Lesi sitshalo yakha gametophyte (ngokocansi ukukhiqizwa kabusha isitho) kanye sporophyte (isitho ukuveza asexual).

Evolution ukuvumele ukuthuthukisa lezi zinhlobo izitshalo ezimbili. Sithole amaqembu amabili ezibanzi: haploid futhi diploid. Echaza izitshalo spore, izibonelo okuyizinto iqembu haploid - wona, ososayensi baye bafakazela ukuthi banalo gametophyte ngokobulili esithuthuke kabanzana. sporophyte Haploid eqenjini has a isimo okhonzile. Diploid eziphilayo spore isiqondiso (horsetail futhi Izinhlobo) has a sporophyte kakhulu athuthukiswe futhi gametophyte njengoba prothallia.

isizukulwane ngokobulili ngaso sonke isikhathi has antheridia futhi archegonium. Kuyinto iduna izitho zesifazane. Owesilisa isidoda motility, owesifazane ocansini esitokisini static. On ongafinyelela umgomo avundiswa yakhe, isidoda has ukungena imvelo yasemanzini. I avundiswa Iqanda amafomu umbungu kuyiphi germinates isizukulwane asexual, isb sporophyte. Esigabeni esilandelayo zizalela kuzokwenzeka ezinhlamvu ukuthi zibe sporangium.

izici

Akuwona wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ukuhlukanisa izitshalo spore. Izibonelo zokubonisana nabantu ngale ndaba ingase ibukeke ngale:

1. izitshalo spore akuzona ziqhakazile. Lolu hlobo akuyona eziphila uyakwazi zezimbali.
2. Have umjikelezo wokuphila esiyingqayizivele. ukuzala futhi asexual.
3. Ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento kokukhulelwa ngokobulili, ngaphandle kobukhona amanzi.

Uma izici ezintathu umuntu azalwa nalo lokuhlaziya simila ukhathazekile, kungcono uhlobo spore.

izitshalo spore: Izinhlobo

Kunzima ukuthola umuntu ongakaze wambona Fern. Lesi simila lasendulo isetshenziselwa umhlobiso amapaki kanye izingadi. Izinhlobo ezimbizeni etshalwa emakhanzini, ihlathi uhamba abathandi izikhathi eziningi kubonakala futhi kuluhlaza Fern zamahlathi.

Zonke Izinhlobo wabusa pinnatisected amahlamvu kwakwakhe. Lezi spore-izitshalo (Izinhlobo) yiwona sporangium enhle kakhulu. Indawo lezi zindikimba - underside amaqabunga.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa engeza ukuthi Izinhlobo ngokwemvelo ezingaphezu kuka abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi. Konke lokhu ukwehluka ezihlanganiswe izizukulwane 300.

Isakhiwo izitshalo spore isibonelo wona

Mosses akunakubangelwa zilwane bakudala kakhulu izitshalo ephakeme. Zonke ukusabalala Moss umndeni - ezincane ngobukhulu ngaphandle abameleli lendwangu conductive. Lesi sigaba ku stem futhi amaqabunga wona okunemibandela. Lezi emangalisayo spore-izitshalo - izibonelo amakhono ukuzivumelanisa nezimo bemvelo.

Ngakho, umzimba moss kunemibandela ihlukaniswe isiqu, amacembe kanye izimpande. Yebo, izimpande nezinhlamvu zalesi sitshalo esikhundleni amaqhubu filamentous - rhizoids. umehluko ngokuyinhloko kusukela imisuka yangempela - ukungabi lendwangu conductive. Endabeni ngayinye moss rhizoid - eyodwa noma ngaphezulu amaseli eziphilayo.

Mosses beneme ezindaweni exhaphozini, emthunzini noma nje manzi. Mosses ngenkuthalo shabalala umswakama, kodwa enze ukulahlekelwa yonke isitshalo ebusweni. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izitshalo spore kudingeka amanzi ukuzalela ezinye zama-wona bayakwazi kuze kuphele nezikhathi isomiso, ngisho ingashintshwa ukuze sisinde kumasayithi enamadwala. Njengoba kwenzeka, bengayiqondi ngokugcwele.

ubulili - isizukulwane evelele moss. Sporophyte uncike ngokuphelele phezu gametophyte.

angeke Izingxabano zimiswe amaqabunga efana Fern, njengoba eshiya ngokwabo kunalokho ezivamile. Ngenxa yalezi zinjongo, wona ingashintshwa spore capsule, ezinde phezu ucansi gametophyte emlenzeni yo.

Isici esivelele sesimiso wona kubhekwe ukuthi kungenzeka esiphelweni vegetative. Le nqubo ihlanganisa nezinso ngamaqhubu. Uma izingxenye vegetative abahlukene simila esikhulu, sibangelwa ku umuntu azimele.

Okuncane amafomu ephansi

Ngeke kwenziwe uhlu lwazo zonke eziphansi izitshalo spore. Izibonelo ukuthi Umnandi ukuchaza - ulwelwe. Lezi zitshalo akuzona esinabantu abaningi ngangezinhlayiya Izinhlobo kanye ulele, kancane ezingaphezu kwekhulu izinhlobo. Habitat izitshalo - amanzi. Ulwelwe akudingeki amahlamvu nezimpande. Ingabe enamathiselwe phansi noma amatshe izingwegwe okusobala. Ulwelwe zihlukaniswe ku neminyango 11, 4 lapho umuntu oye wafunda ukusebenzisa kuzobazuzisa.