Umphumela Okuphidaphindayo: umqondo, izinhlobo

Sonke esikoleni ukwazi ukuthi 2 + 2 = 4 Kodwa ingabe kunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi? Futhi lapha sibhekene umqondo ezifana umthelela wokuphindaphinda. Kuyinto eside kwezomnotho esibonisa indlela eziguquguqukayo endogenous ukushintsha ekuphenduleni izinguquko izici. Umqondo izitshela ukuthi ukwanda X 1% kuholela ukwanda Y, isib, 2%.

Umcabango

umphumela Okuphidaphindayo - umqondo ukuthi uvame ezihambisana nendlela ukutshala emnothweni (isibonelo, ukwanda emisebenzini ethengwa nguhulumeni) kuholela okuningi kuka ungase ulindele, ukukhula emisebenzi kanye ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla namasevisi. Ake sibone ukuthi lokhu imisebenzi:

1. Ukuya utshalomali emnothweni kazwelonke. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni unquma ukwandisa umthamo walokho okuthengile.
2. Investment kuholela ekwandeni ziphoqa aggregate izimpahla nezinkonzo.
3. Lokhu kuvumela amabhizinisi ukulayisha ngokugcwele amakhono kanye ukuqasha izisebenzi ezengeziwe.
4. Employment phakathi zokusebenza yobudala labantu kuleli zwe lukhula, abantu ukuba nemali eningi.
5. Isidingo aggregate izimpahla nezinkonzo lukhula.

Amankampani qasha izisebenzi ezengeziwe, ukulayisha amakhono.

ukubala

Kunezinhlobo eziningana Okuphindaphinda. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke kuyinto yentela. Futhi ngokwehlukana adedele umthelela wokuphindaphinda ku komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali kanye onobuhle Keynesian. Kuthiwa uma nokwanda kokungabi ezinye nemingcele kuphumela ukukhuphuka kakhulu okukhulu kwabanye. Ukubala of the umthelela wokuphindaphinda njalo ezihlobene ngokuthola isilinganiso lezi zinguquko. Ngokwesibonelo, isimo ikhuphukile ukuthengwa 1 euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu. Ekuqaleni, ukufunwa aggregate, njengoba sishilo, izonyuka ngo leli nani. Nokho, ekupheleni yi okungukuthi uyokhula phezulu, athi, € 2 billion. Kulokhu, multiplier ilingana 2.

Sibethula notation ezilandelayo:

• Y - GDP yangempela uma kuqhathaniswa nenani lesikhathi yokubika odlule.
• J - Usayizi imijovo owengeziwe wezimali ku emnothweni.
• M - Okuphindaphinda.

Asikwazi yokwehlisa kokubili inkomba kuqala Ngokwamanani emali noma ngamaphesenti. Ngakho, M = Y: J.

Uma sicabangela lokho kukhona umthelela wokuphindaphinda, sekushiwo ukuthi lesi sibalo ezahlukene amamodeli kwezimali, okwenza imali Keynesian. Ezahlukene futhi ngokuncelisa umntwana wakho ubisi, nakuba sekwadlula okufanayo. It okungukuthi ilingane quotient a unit ehlukene nge uyinto ikhono londoloza. Ifomula kusiza ukuqonda ukuthi ukwanda supply imali kuthinte umnotho.

Ngokwesibonelo

Cabanga ukuthi lokhu kwenzani kuma umnotho intela ukusikeka:

1. Umnotho okhulayo, isilinganiso yonyaka ukukhula rate uthambekele kokuhle, bese uhulumeni unquma ukwethula i-VAT ngezinga 15% (ikhumbula ukuthi ayekade ngaphezulu). imijovo engeziwe ku umnotho hhayi kwenziwe.
2. Imali alahlwayo abathengi kwandisa.
3. Abasebenzisi bakwazi ukuthenga izimpahla ngaphezulu, kuhlanganise ezibizayo.
4. Amankampani ukwandisa umkhiqizo ngenxa ukukhula isidingo aggregate, zona ukuqasha abasebenzi abasha.
5. Ngenxa yalokho esinakho ukwanda umsebenzi, okusho ukuthi abantu bazokwazi ukuthenga izimpahla eziningi kanye nezinsiza.

Imali Okuphindaphinda umphumela

Ngo Macroeconomics yemali ukufunda umphumela imali supply ngemibandela ibhizinisi jikelele. Uma ukwanda base yemali by $ 1 kuholela ukwanda supply kusho 10, multiplier kuyinto 10. monetarists ukholwa ukuthi awukwazi kuthinte avareji yonyaka nezinga lokukhula ngezithukuthuku kwempahla yomphakathi, okumele ukwandisa nesidingo ekuhlanganisweni. Ngokombono wabo, ukwanda engenayo alahlwayo yezakhamuzi kuholela yokuthi zenzalo emalini ebolekwe ziphakeme. Lokhu kusho ukwehla utshalomali ngu abamabhizinisi, okuyinto negates le ehlosiwe Okuphindaphinda umphumela.

Monetarists singaphoqi isidingo ukwandisa imali ejikelezayo. US Fed owenza lokhu ngokushintsha izidingo ayibekele ngamabhange. Lokucabanga ke ngu-20%. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nge njalo 100 $ 20 kumelwe bahlale bebeka. Imali esisele ebhange anganika ukubolekisa kwenye. Lesi sakamuva singabangela futhi ukuthatha pre-ibeka 20% lemali ku-akhawunti yayo Reserve. Lokhu kwenzeka izikhathi eziningana, futhi ugijimela emnothweni, ngokuvumelana ngokubona monetarists.

Ngo inqubomgomo yentela

Kuyinto owande kakhulu Okuphindaphinda. Kuyinto elula ukuyiqonda. Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso izenzo isimo, okuyinto yenzelwa okwandisa funa ekuhlanganisweni. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni anganquma ukuthi ukunciphisa intela. Lokhu, njengoba sishilo, kuzoholela funa kwandisa imikhiqizo enika amandla amafemu ukulayisha ngokugcwele amakhono. Elinye ithuluzi inqubomgomo yentela kukhona uhulumeni kwempahla.

Ngo amamodeli we Keynes futhi Hansen-Samuelson

Isiyonke womkhiqizo wakuleli - ngezinga elithile nekusebenta emnothweni. abameleli Keynesian ungavumelani monetarists ngokumelene nokungasebenzi ngendlela ukwanda ziphoqa aggregate ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi yentela. Ayekholelwa ukuthi ukwehla kwamandla omnotho khona, kuyinto dolobha enkulu elula kakhulu kwezamabhizinisi. Ngakho-ke, ukwanda zenzalo ayinayo mphumela kezomnotho. Ngo onobuhle Keynesian babheke indlela ijika is elivulela "Investments - ukonga" ngaphansi kwethonya izinguquko ziphoqa ekuhlanganisweni. Model Hansen - Samuelson uya nakakhulu. Gross womkhiqizo wakuleli - namanje inkomba okukhipha kwezimpahla namasevisi. Nokho, i-Hansen futhi Samuelson uhlola umthelela akusiyo kuphela ukutshalwa kwezimali, kodwa futhi emjikelezweni kwezomnotho. Futhi ngenisa umcondvo wekubhalwa namafutha. ososayensi Okuphidaphindayo ushayele okweqa okukhipha ukukhula phezu ukwanda uma utshala imali. Accelerator futhi ephawula ukwanda ukutshalwa ezihlobene ukunwetshwa ukukhiqizwa. Futhi uphatha ukudlulisela umnotfo cyclical. Hansen Model - Samuelson kuyinto yangokwesiko ashukumisayo ukuthuthukiswa komnotho kazwelonke ngaphansi kwethonya emakethe kanye nenqubomgomo yomphakathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.