Karaganda, labantu: labantu kanye nokusungulwa yayo

Elinye lamalokishi elikhulu Kazakhstan lingumuzi Karaganda. Labantu nazi zinhlanga, ngenxa yolimi inkolo okuxubile kakhulu, njengoba kwamanye nemizana kakhulu enyakatho yezwe. Ucwaningo isimo lokubala ubuningi babantu phakathi nendawo yesifunda nesithakazelo esikhulu. Ake sithole ukuthi kwakungani uyini labantu emzini Karaganda izibalo.

isikhundla ezindawo

Karaganda dolobha lisendaweni abahlala engxenyeni ephakathi ye-Kazakhstan, nge-offset-mpumalanga, ku endaweni Karaganda amalahle elisemcengezini, phakathi asemaqeleni eyomile. Ihlanganisa indawo cishe elilingana 550 square metres. km. Kazakh ngendlela yegama lakhe liphinyiselwe ngokuthi "Karaganda".

Lo muzi sokuqondisa Karaganda esifundeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo - iyisikhungo kwamasiko kanye yezimboni esifundeni.

Esimele labantu Karaganda, sizoxoxa ngezansi.

Umlando omfishane komuzi

Kodwa ngaphambi kokuthi ukwazi labantu Karaganda, ukubukeka zobuzwe nezenkolo komuzi, ake sibone ukuthi uma wasungula zokuhlala futhi yathuthukiswa kanjani. Lokhu kuzokuvumela ukuba siqonde kakhulu izinguquko lokubala ubuningi babantu emzini, kanye ufunde indlela akha labantu Karaganda.

Endulo futhi NgeNkathi Ephakathi enwetshiwe emaqeleni zasendle endaweni lapho ngemva khona Karaganda. Inani labantu base-la mazwe kwaholela umnotho ayimizulane, futhi nganikezwa zakwa ukukhuluma Turkic-. Engxenyeni ngekhulu xv ensimini ka Kazakhstan yesimanje yesibili kuphakama Kazakh Khanate okwenzeka ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethnogenesis we Kazakhs yesimanje. Ekhulwini XVIII, uMbuso ekugcineni yahlukana yaba izingxenye ezintathu - zhuzes. Insimu esiyi-Karaganda, kwahlanganiswa Juz Ephakathi. Ngo 1740, i-zidlamlilo Ephakathi amukela ukusekelwa wonke uMbuso isiRashiya, futhi 1822 wagcina kufakwe ngezithako zawo.

Ngokusho yetinsita e 1833 esizeni Ngokuzayo idolobha Kazakh ongumalusi wathola ezifakwa kwamalahle. Lokho amalahle ziyoba isisekelo somnotho we Karaganda, kodwa kuzokwenzeka eminyakeni eminingi kamuva. Industrial Ukukhiqizwa amalahle Russian Empire of the Karaganda umcengezi kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX.

Lesi sivumelwano sokuqala unomphela kusayithi lapho kwakukhona Karaganda, yasungulwa ngo-1906 futhi yayibizwa ngokuthi Mikhailovka esikhathini esizayo. Kodwa emva kwempi, izimayini zamalahle kuyekisiwe, emzaneni kwaba eyihlane.

Ngo-1930, ne ekuqaleni kwetimboni izimayini esifundeni uye liqale, ngenxa okuyinto nemizana abasebenzi eziningana '. Ngo-1931, bahlanganiswe emikhandlwini abasebenzi Karaganda '. Lokho kulo nyaka kubhekwa usuku owasungula Karaganda.

Igama elithi "Karaganda", le ndawo lwalulude ngaphambi kumiswa edolobheni, futhi kunenkolelo yokuthi uvela okuvamile ezindaweni ngomuthi ehlathini - caragana. Nakuba zikhona abukwe okunye.

Ngo-1934 edolobhaneni yanikezwa i-status yedolobha. Lena enye yezinhlobo ezingu-mlando epochal ukuthi ngasinda Karaganda. Inani labantu base-edolobheni ekuqaleni kwakhiwa kusukela abasebenzi, ikakhulukazi izizwe Slavic, ikakhulukazi Russian. Kodwa eminyakeni okwalandela, omuzi aqala ukunyakaza Kazakhs kusukela ezifundeni eziseduzane.

Ngo-1936 Karaganda laba isizinda sokuqondisa we Karaganda esifundeni kule Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II emzini ukwakha isitshalo, ngokushesha ayakhiwe izakhi ezihlukahlukene ingqalasizinda uyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa amalahle umcengezi.

Ngemva kokuwa okukhipha yaseSoviet Union ezimbonini Karaganda encishisiwe kakhulu, okuyinto ongemuhle isimo lokubala ubuningi babantu emzini. Ngenxa ayeke amabhizinisi imikhaya eminingi bathuthela kwamanye izindawo.

labantu

Manje ake ukuthola abantu abaningi kanjani ekhatsi Karaganda? Inani labantu base-nathi manje futhi kuzoxoxwa. Kusukela ngomhla ka-idethi yamanje, kanye namandla okubakhona.

Okokuqala, thola ukuthi abantu abaningi bahlala edolobheni namuhla. Ngokusho uchwepheshe ulinganisela labantu Karaganda for 2016 imayelana ayizinkulungwane 496,2. Abantu. Okwamanje, kuba sibalo wesine kuleli zwe ngemva kokuba idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke Kazakhstan - Almaty, inhloko-dolobha - Astana futhi kwezinye izindawo - Shymkent (Shymkent).

inhlanganiso sabantu

Manje sifunda nokuminyanisa agcwele labantu Karaganda for 2016. Ubuningi eziphilayo okwamanje ku izakhamuzi eziningi zakuleli dolobha kuyinto 846 abantu ngamunye 1 sq. km.

Kodwa okuningi noma okuncane? Ake uqhathanise kwabantu sabantu ukuba nenani lesikhathi esifanayo ngo imizana elikhulu Kazakhstan - Almaty. E Almaty, ukwanda kwabantu abantu 2346. sq ngayinye. km., okuyinto, njengoba sesibonile, izikhathi eziningana ngaphezu kwalokho ine Karaganda. Labantu kuleli dolobha, ngakho kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha sasivumela esibhedlela. Kodwa ingabe njalo njalo? Ukuze sithole impendulo, kudingeka uthole ukuthi yini kwaba labantu Karaganda eminyakeni eyedlule.

Dynamics labantu ushintsho

Njengoba sesibonile, labantu Karaganda (2016) imayelana ayizinkulungwane 496,2. Abantu. Kodwa njengoba kwakunjalo ngaphambili?

Ngo-1959 labantu kulo muzi ka-abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu 397,1, yaba yiminyaka emakhulu asithoba kamuva - .. izinkulungwane zabantu 523,3, iminyaka engu-20 kamuva (1979) sabantu liye landa ngamaphesenti acishe abe yisigamu - izinkulungwane zabantu 578,9 .. Ngo-1989, emzini Karaganda (Kazakhstan) labantu yayina kakhulu emlandweni - izinkulungwane zabantu 613,8 ..

Kodwa-ke inani abakhileyo aqala ukuncipha kakhulu. Ngakho, ngo-1991-ke kwehle ezingeni labantu ayizinkulungwane 608,6, ngisho nangemva kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili uwile kunani obuyizinkulungwane 436,9 ngo-2004 kwaze kwafika nasezindlebeni phansi ukuwa - .. izinkulungwane zabantu 428,9 .. Ngakho, engaphezu kwengu-14 wokuwa isibalo sabantu abahlala edolobheni yehle ngo cishe izinkulungwane 185. Man.

Kodwa kusukela ngonyaka ozayo, labantu laqala ukukhula kancane kancane. Ngo-2005, sasifana nokuthi abantu abayizinkulungwane 436,0, ngo-2010 -. 465,2 izinkulungwane, ngo-2012 - .. ayizinkulungwane 475,4 Karaganda labantu ngo-2016 safinyelela isibalo sabantu ayizinkulungwane 496,2 .. Lena inkulungwane 67,3. Ngaphezu ngo-2004, kodwa ngo-112,4 esingaphansi kwaba ngo-1989. Lapha ukusebenza ashukumisayo ezifana ungachazwa Karaganda labantu. Inani 2016 ngisho ifinyelele 1970 ezingeni.

Izizathu ushintsho elibukhali labantu Dynamics

Manje ake sibheke ukuthi kungani Dynamics of the labantu emzini Karaganda usebhekene ushintsho olukhulu kangaka.

Labantu elikhulayo Karaganda kuze 1989 obanzi, izinkinga ikakhulukazi akakubangeli. Kwakuyisikhathi inqubo yemvelo. Ikakhulukazi ukuthi Karaganda - idolobha elikhulu lezimboni, okuyinto njalo ithuthukiswe nenkathi yamaSoviet, futhi ngenxa yalokho edinga ukuthutheleka zomsebenzi omusha. Abantu ngivele ngeza la emsebenzini ngesikhathi Karaganda ibhizinisi abantu abavela ezingxenyeni eziningi zeSoviet Union. Kuyinto zabasebenzi ukufuduka, kanye yemvelo kwenani labantu liye laba nomthelela ekwandeni abahlala enkabeni yesifunda kusuka 1959 kuya ku-1989 ngesibalo esingaphezu kwengxenye.

Kodwa uma ukwanda akakubangeli nohafu eminyakeni 30 labantu zinsaba womuzi, bona lokhu kwenzeka bunjani ukuthi eminyakeni engu-10 ezayo, kusukela ngo-1989, inani lezakhamuzi yehlile cishe engxenyeni efanayo kakhulu? Isizathu siwukuthi sonke umkhakha efanayo. Ngalesi sikhathi nendima eyadlalwa hhayi kwandziswa kwelinani letikhungo amabhizinisi kanye nemisebenzi, futhi anciphise ukukhiqizwa, ukuvala izimboni ngoba ubunzima kwenkathi yenguquko ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union futhi aphuma esihleliwe emnotfweni emakethe. Ukuvalwa amabhizinisi, ukuncipha eziphawulekayo umsebenzi on the ambalwa aseleyo ukusebenza, kubangele abangasebenzi ezinzima, elaliholela outflow sabantu ezindaweni kancane ecindezelekile yezwe kanye phesheya, ikakhulu Russian Federation. Ikakhulukazi imisuka eminingi kwabakhileyo Karaganda babe abavela eRussia, lapho noma abazali babo wangena kwamaSoviet ukukhulisa kukhiqizwe Kazakh SSR.

Isici esibalulekile futhi kwaba ukudluliswa capital Kazakhstan kusukela Almaty eningizimu yedolobha enyakatho yezwe - Astana (phambilini obuwaziwa ngo Tselinograd). Inhlokodolobha elisha lalisemgwaqweni impela ekubeni Karaganda, ukuze konke wakhe edinga izandla ukusebenza, futhi ukuphila edolobheni eyinhloko yezwe ngokwayo kuvula amathemba enkulu. Ngenxa yalokho, eziningi labantu Karaganda ukuxhumanisa esizayo zabo Astana. Good ukuhambisa kude akuzange kudingeke ukuba. Ngokungafani Karaganda, sibonga yokufuna isimo inhlokodolobha inani labantu Astana kusukela ngonyaka ka 1989 kuze kube manje liye landa kakhulu. Ngakho, uma ngo-1989 edolobheni lalihlala 281,3 nje izinkulungwane. Abantu-ke ngo-2016 inani labantu laliphakathi ayizinkulungwane 872,7. Abantu. Lokho, eminyakeni 27 bekulokhu ekwandeni izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-3. Yiqiniso, ngosizo ukukhula yemvelo lezi izinkomba ngeke ikwazi ukufeza. Isici esiyinhloko kwandziswa kwelinani letikhungo abakhileyo e Astana - ngomfula owumthelela labantu kweminye yale mizi ecindezelekile like Karaganda.

Ngo ngokwayo, Karaganda kulo lonke 90-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule kanye nengxenye yokuqala eyishumi yokuqala yaleli khulu leminyaka sabantu abaningi encishisiwe. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, idolobha linenani ngobukhulu abakhileyo e Kazakhstan, ithela kwasekuqaleni kuphela inhloko-dolobha Kazakh SSR - Almaty. Naphezu kokuhlaselwa okukhulu kwehla ku izakhamuzi eziningi, isimo Karaganda wakwazi ukusindisa kuze nenkulungwane entsha yeminyaka. Kodwa kowezi-2000 ekuseni, edolobheni ngokuya labantu wahamba nemizana ezimbili nje: Shymkent futhi inhloko-dolobha entsha - Astana. Ngakho, kuze kube manje, Karaganda zibalwa wesine e Kazakhstan kule inkomba.

Kuyinto ngenxa ukuncishiswa okusheshayo abahlala Karaganda kuleli dolobha onjalo ukwanda kwabantu elincane, sakhuluma ngokuthi ngenhla nje. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet edolobheni iza ukuphila eziningi abantu abasuka kwezinye izindawo zaleli zwe, ukwakha futhi andise. Kodwa ngo-90 zaqala ngokufuduka mass sabantu kusukela Karaganda, kodwa imingcele edolobheni azishintshile ukuthi wadlala indima juqu yokuthi kwabantu labantu kuleli qophelo incane ngakho.

A ukwanda entsha kunombolo izakhamuzi Karaganda

Yenqaba tinombolo abahlala Karaganda, ayikwazanga ungunaphakade. Ngo-2004, waba ubuncane - izinkulungwane zabantu 428,9 .. Kakade kusukela ngo-2005, isimo lokubala ubuningi babantu emzini baqala ukuba ngcono, futhi kancane kancane labantu anda. Lokhu kuthambekela kwaphawuleka kuze kube sesikhathini samanje. Yiqiniso, ukwanda akahambi ngokushesha njengoba kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuwa, kodwa nokho kuba umkhuba omuhle. Yini lezi zinguquko lokubala ubuningi babantu zazibangelwa?

Okokuqala, ukwehla zokukhiqiza, njengoba besho, nakufika phansi. izinkampani ezisebenza kukhona ucishe sikwazi ukunikeza izakhamuzi ezisele wemisebenzi edolobheni. Kwakungekho abangasebenzi inhlekelele enjalo, njengasekuqaleni, okuyinto kubange outflow abukhali sabantu. Manje inani izakhamuzi futhi isibalo semisebenzi eziye usulungisiwe ukuhlinzeka ibhizinisi ucishe olinganiselayo. Yayiyini esibalulekile ukuyeka outflow sabantu emzini.

Isici sesibili kwaba nendima kuqiniswa of isimo lokubala ubuningi babantu esikhathini Karaganda, kwaba ngcono isimo somnotho ngo-2000, njengoba kuqhathaniswa 90 kulo lonke lelo zwe. Nale waqala usimamise zonke izinqubo ezinkulu emphakathini, ukuza izinga zemvelo, kuhlanganise nendawo.

Yiqiniso, ukwanda kwenani lezakhamuzi ekhatsi Karaganda kulesigaba ikakhulukazi ngenxa ukwanda esingokwemvelo, okusho umehluko omuhle phakathi ukuzalwa nokufa, hhayi ngenxa yokufuduka sabantu, njengoba lalinjalo kwamaSoviet. Noma kunjalo, ngisho lokhu kwanda elincane umkhuba omuhle kakhulu, okusikisela ukuthi kukhona ikusasa Karaganda.

ukwakheka yobuhlanga

Sasifunda labantu emzini Karaganda. Ukwakheka kwamaqembu ezinhlanga kubaluleke ngokuba ukuqonda isimo lokubala ubuningi babantu edolobhaneni. Ake sithole ukuthi yini ubuzwe ohlala Karaganda.

Ezinye zezinto eziningi kakhulu kwamaqembu ezinhlanga Karaganda kukhona Russian futhi Kazakhs. abaholi Russian ngesibalo. Isabelo sabo e ezibalweni ezigcwele zabantu babo lo muzi langu-45.6 nga%. I isabelo Kazakhs - 36,3%. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, inani isiRashiya kwakuwulimi nakakhulu, lokulandisa ezingaphezu kuka-50% yesizwe sonkana. Kodwa esikhathini wokuzibusa Kazakhstan ekubeni ingxenye enkulu Russian kwesokunxele eRussia, futhi izingane of imishado exubile, uma ngaphambili ayethanda ukuzibiza ngokuthi isiRashiya, kodwa manje iningi ukubalwa abonisa nobuzwe babantu "Kazakh".

Ngakusasa ngobukhulu isizwe ekhatsi Karaganda - Ukraine. Kuyinto ezincane ngesibalo kunengqamuzana odlule amaqembu amabili. Okwamanje, isabelo Ukraine sebebonke leli dolobha 4.8%. Ngo-Soviet isikhathi sabo, kanye isiRashiya, babebaningi kakhulu.

Lokhu kulandelwa amaJalimane (3.3%) bese Tatar (3.1%). Lokhu kungenxa kakhulu inzalo yalawo ezaxoshwa kusukela iVolga esifundeni kanye eCrimea ngesikhathi repressions kaStalin.

Kuyaphawuleka kancane Karaganda baseKorea (1.6%) bese Belarusians (1.2%).

Edolobheni kukhona kanye nabasePoland, Chechens, Bashkirs, Azerbaijanis Mordvins, nezinye izizwe eziningi. Kodwa inani labo alikhulumi nanokukhuluma ukufinyelela 1% abantu sebebonke.

inkolo

Ngo Karaganda zikhona izinkolo eziningi. Noma kunjalo, i-main ezimbili ezibhekwa: ubuKristu Bobu-Orthodox futhi Islam. Ngo Karaganda kukhona amasonto amaningana-Orthodox, ngaya ekhaya lezindela futhi lombhishobhi, okuyinto maphakathi Karaganda besifunda-bhishobhi. Umuzi ine amathempeli eziyisikhombisa izidingo zenkolo sabantu Muslim Karaganda.

Phakathi kwezinye izinkolo kufanele wenza ubuKatolika namaProthestani amahlelo. Edolobheni kukhona amasonto amaningi amaKatolika namaProthestani. Ngaphandle Karaganda enkabeni igama elifanayo LamaRoma Katolika Diocese. Kulomuzi uwukuphela Ephakeme Theological Seminary Asia Ephakathi. Ngaphambili, namaProthestani e Karaganda kwaba okuningi, kodwa ngokuqondene Ukuhamba labantu German ngemva kokuwa wase-USSR eJalimane futhi ngokwengxenye kule iVolga esifundeni, inani Abasekeli imisinga zenkolo idatha kakhulu kwehle.

Abalandeli ezinye izinkolo e Karaganda, inani elincane.

amathemba kwedemografikhi idolobha

Ngo inqubo ukufunda ukwaziswa sezwa ukuthi labantu Karaganda for 2016 abantu ayizinkulungwane 496,2. Siphindze safundza ukwakheka zobuzwe nezenkolo labantu edolobheni. Endaweni ehlukile, ushintsho Dynamics lokwehlukile lokubala ubuningi babantu abangu wafunda.

Yiqiniso, i-90-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule kwakungezona engcono emlandweni edolobheni. Ukuncipha ekukhiqizeni okubangelwa outflow sabantu kanye obumbi lokubala ubuningi babantu esikalini wendawo. Nokho, resumption kancane kancane kwenani labantu kusukela ngo-2005, kanye kuqiniswa nemingcele lokubala ubuningi babantu eziyisisekelo, ivumela ukubheka nge ithemba ngekusasa laleli dolobha elihle.