Chromosome. Non-homologous futhi homologous chromosome.

Ngokuvamile ama-chromosome - iyona timphawu tesakhiwo futhi ukusebenza kwamaseli womuntu aqukethe izakhi zofuzo. Iyunithi cell yenombolo idatha ukwazi ababethi ngesikhathi cell division. Ngokuvamile ama-chromosome ibunjwa izinduku, imicu, izihibe, njll .. ngu ubude bayo, lezi zinto axutshwa. Zakhiwa a centromere, ingalo lamafisha, constriction yesibili, satellite, intambo nokwakha uthi lokuphotha, chromonemata. Indawo ukuthi ingxenye chromosome njengoba centromere, kuthinta siyoba yini uhlobo kakhulu ubunye umugqa cell. Esimweni lapho le ngxenye itholakala ekupheleni kwalesi sakhi kwesakhiwo ukusebenza, kuba induku emise. Ukuthola ingxenye ezifana centromere phakathi umphumela ukuthi le-chromosome uthatha uhlobo alinganayo-izikopelo. Uma efanele okuyingxenye itholakala singatsheki kusukela maphakathi, element kwesakhiwo-functional iba ezahlukene pin emahlombe.

Ngokuvamile, zikhona 4 izinhlobo chromosome isakhiwo. Uhlobo lokuqala kukhona telotsentricheskie timphawu tesakhiwo futhi zisebenza kahle. Okwesibili - acrocentric (ingalo yesibili sifushane kakhulu futhi cishe imperceptible). Uhlobo lwesithathu kukhona Ama-chromosomes e submetacentric, ukuma okuyinto ungathi incwadi "L". Ekugcineni, Uhlobo lwesine - metacentric. Ngokuvamile ama-chromosome zaloluhlobo zinzima emahlombe okuthiwa, okuyinto zilingana. Ngaphezu kwalokho izakhi ezifana incwadi napomminayut futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo uphawu wokunqoba "V".

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngamunye nucleated ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo cell womuntu liqukethe ngazimbili amabili nantathu wama-chromosomes, okuyizinto komugqa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona inani elikhulu amakhophi DNA mitochondrial (deoxyribonucleic acid).

Kuwufanele kokusho amazwi ambalwa mayelana nocansi timphawu tesakhiwo futhi ukusebenza kwamaseli womuntu. It Y- futhi X-chromosome. Owokuqala uqukethe cishe 58 base ngazimbili, 78 othwala izakhi zofuzo futhi ngaleyo ndlela has a high kuguquka izinga ngenxa imvelo lapho itholakala. Lokhu-chromosome ubulili uyakwazi angadluliselwa kuphela ngokusebenzisa isidoda. Nazo ngokufanayo, angaphansi lenqwaba cell ukwehlukana okwenzeka ngesikhathi gametogenesis. Beka isidoda - ke vysokookislitelnaya ngoLwesithathu amasende, inkanuko inqubo okhulisa ezifana liziguquguqule. I-chromosome kwesibili cishe kwezigidi ezingu-150 ngazimbili elisekela nitrogen. Cishe ine 1400 zofuzo. Abesilisa unayo eyodwa X- nokukodwa Y-chromosome. Abesifazane babe "setha" ezahlukene. Sinenkosi X-chromosome amabii. Omunye wabo uya intombazane kunina, kanye nezinye luthathwe unina kababa, okungukuthi, ugogo ohlangothini kayise.

Ngokuvamile kukhona imibuzo mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo Ama-chromosomes e abizwa ngokuthi homologous futhi okungezona homologous. Impendulo kanje. Ngakho, kukhona Ama-chromosomes e homologous. Lokhu pair of timphawu tesakhiwo futhi zisebenza kahle ukuthi kukhona esitokisini diploid. Ama-chromosomes e Homologous kuhluke ukuthi ngamunye waqhubeka komunye futhi komunye umzali. izakhi okunjalo efanayo. nucleotide ukulandelana phezu kwawo wonke obuphelele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi-chromosome homologous izakhi zofuzo ezifanayo, okuyinto ahlelwe ukulandelana efanayo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ucwaningo ngezihloko ezinjalo akuyona kuphela ezithakazelisayo, kodwa futhi ewusizo kakhulu ekuphileni, ngenxa yomzimba wakhe kangcono ukwazi ngangokunokwenzeka.

Kumele wanezela ukuthi chromosome homologous njalo uhlobo olufanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngezinye izikhathi ingaba umthombo tselotsentricheskimi, submetacentric, acrocentric, metacentric. Ama-chromosomes e-non-homologous aqukethe izakhi zofuzo ezivumelana nezingahlobene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi ikhipha hhayi conjugated izakhi obusebenzayo phakathi meiosis. Ama-chromosomes e-non-homologous ngokuzimela enze ngokuhlanganisa kuseli. Lokhu kungase kutholakale phakathi nesifundo yefa izici. Futhi, lolu lwazi etholwe ngokusebenzisa ngqo Cytology indlela.

Ulwazi ebhalwe ngenhla ngokusekelwe eBhayibhelini kuyokusiza ukuba babe nolwazi oluyisisekelo we-chromosomes e jikelele.