Amazwi Old Russian netinchazelo tawo. Izibonelo amazwi lasendulo

Old izwi Russian ngolimi yesimanje ivamile impela, kodwa kwesinye isikhathi kungabonakala kithi ongaziwa futhi engaqondakali. Fragments ezilimi eziyimixhantela lasendulo zasakazekela kulo Kievan Rus kude, bangase bamele amazwi efanayo futhi imiqondo ukuthi ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule, kungaba kancane ukushintsha inani layo, futhi kungenziwa kabusha, ukuthatha, ngokuhumusha okusha yesimanje.

Old Russian futhi Old Slavic?

Journey zezwe lasendulo ungaqala nge amagama ajwayelekile, okuyinto kuze kube yilolu suku atholakala enkulumweni yanamuhla. Umama, ekhaya, umalume, umhlaba, impisi, umsebenzi, emashalofini, ukhuni, i-oki - izwi ubudala Russian. Kodwa nge impumelelo efanayo kungenziwa ngokuthi kanye Ukraine lasendulo nabadala. Kuze kube manje, ziseZwini lezi zilimi cishe ngendlela efanayo njengoba eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edlule. amazwi Old Russian netinchazelo tawo ingatholakala izikhumbuzo eziningi izincwadi Slavic. Ngokwesibonelo, incwadi "I Lay ka Igor" - ingcebo yangempela ngoba abaqoqi amazwi ehlukahlukene lasendulo.

Mhlawumbe kufanele bahlukanise izwi Russian futhi Common lwamaSlav, kodwa ukukwenza kulesi sihloko, akukho kungenzeka. Singagcina ngokubu- ukugcina ukuthuthukiswa izwi lasendulo - kusukela inani layo okuqala wesimanje. Futhi baba usizo olukhulu ezibukwayo lapho kutadishwa lesi simo singase izwi ubudala Russian "wokudoba".

History of the izwi

"Primary Chronicle" utshela indaba indlela isikhulu Vsevolod e 1071 ku amazwe Vyshgorod idolobha "deyal isilwane izinhlanzi." Kwakwaziwa ukuthi izwi, futhi ezikhathini Monomakh. Ngo "Iziyalezo" yakhe Prince uVladimir uthi 'wagcina lamabutho Huntsman, "ukuthi iqukethwe oda we ezitebeleni, inja leash, isandla Falcons futhi lokhozi. Igama elithi "wokudoba" kwakuyinqubo okwase kuyiminyaka umbuso igama elivamile futhi kwakusho yokuzingela, uthwebule isilo.

Kamuva, ekhulwini 13-14 igama elithi "wokudoba" litholakele kumadokhumenti testamentary. ukhuluma "izinhlanzi izinhlanzi", "i-beaver izinhlanzi" ohlwini zomthetho. Lapha igama elithi "wokudoba" isetshenziswa ngokuthi izabelo nemvelo, inqolobane - ezindaweni komhlaba ubunikazi ayimfihlo amathuba kakhulu ukuzingela nokudoba. Kodwa kule ubudala kanye nencazelo entsha "wokudoba" kusho ukuzingela ngosizo bamba lesilo noma inhlanzi. Kuyakuba khona impande izwi ayiguquki.

Modern "wokudoba"

Enkulumweni lanamuhla futhi ngokuvamile igama elithi "wokudoba". Kuphela ke, njengabanye izwi lasendulo eziningi isiRashiya, isetshenziswe ezingxenyeni ezinemiqondo ufushanisiwe, nenye incazelo - kungashiwo, "inhlanzi wokudoba" noma "Ukudoba ekwindla ka-cod." Kodwa "catch kwezimpisi" noma "catch beaver" singazi say never. Ukwenza lokhu yolimi lwanamuhla Russian yigama elula futhi kuyaqondakala "ukuzingela". Kodwa ngo lalukhuni "wokudoba" atholakala yonke indawo.

Izingane nabazukulu

Masikhumbule amazwi "I Mousetrap", "iphisi", "gibe," nabanye. Phela - izingane nabazukulu bezifundo izwi lasendulo "wokudoba". Ezinye "izingane", "wokudoba" asizange sisinde isikhathi manje okutholakala kuphela encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla lasendulo. Ngokwesibonelo, igama elithi "lovitva" kwenzeka kamuva kakhulu, "wokudoba", kodwa akazange anamathele ngolimi Russian. Lovitva wayaziwa eminyaka 15-17 ezisetshenziswa kakhulu okushiwo "ukuzingela". Kodwa ngesikhathi Pushkin sika leli gama esihlatshiwe lingasetshenziswanga.

Abaphila Besikhathi omkhulu imbongi "izinhlanzi" futhi "lovitvy" - lidala amazwi, ezingaphili. Old Russian "lovitvy" alikho e enkulumweni yanamuhla, kodwa ngibona nabo encwadini endala, ungakwazi ukuqonda incazelo yegama elithi kalula.

"Namazinyo Dragon sika" futhi "umgcini"

Old izwi Russian ekuhumusheni ingatholakala izichazamazwi eziningi. Kodwa kuthiwani uma igama elidala isetshenziswa, umuzwa omusha zanamuhla? amazwi Old Russian netinchazelo tawo, njengoba ungabona, ushintsho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Isibonelo esihle kungaba ngokwanele izincwadi ezindala izwi Russian "dragon kwamazinyo" futhi "umgcini" ezaziwayo.

Igama elithi "namazinyo udrako" owaziwayo zonke-Russian lempi amagama ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule. Okubizwa ngokuthi ehlanganiswe amagatsha uqweqwe izingodo - isithiyo esingaweleki ukuba elihamba nabamahhashi e, endulo lasendulo. Ukufika kombuso izibhamu kwaqhuma wenza ezingadingekile futhi ukwakhiwa, futhi bona amagama. amasosha Russian Old wasungula izindlela ezintsha futhi eliphumelelayo wezokuVikela attack, futhi "namazinyo udrako" kwadingeka ukuba bazinikele Scrap.

Iminyaka eyinkulungwane, ekuqaleni ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, namazinyo udrako emuva kusukela esikhathini esidlule. Manje they akha yokugcizelela amabhlogo, izingodo kanye nemfucumfucu. imiklamo okunjalo ayehloselwe ukumisa kusengaphambili amathangi isitha kanye ukuphazamisa ekuhlaseleni amabutho esitha. Ngemva stockade impi adiliza, kodwa izwi uhlala. Manje butholakala imisebenzi eminingi kwezincwadi amasosha izindaba bokuzibonela, lesendzabeni abuye amanoveli mayelana nempi.

Emuva e yolimi lwanamuhla futhi igama elithi "umgcini." Nokho, indaba yakhe akuyona cishe nobuqhawe njengowomShulamiti igama langaphambilini. Unozinti ngaphambili ayebizwa ngokuthi uthobekile umlindisango izindela, abavule esangweni ekuseni ezigodlweni namathempeli, kokuvala nabo kwelanga ngenxa yokwesaba eligadulayo amadoda. Onozinti baye cishe wanyamalala ezimpilweni zethu, kodwa iphuzu elithile. Ukuthuthukiswa ezemidlalo elakhiwa abantu abaningi, impumelelo amaqembu ethu hockey futhi football imincintiswano sezishiye ukuvela lanamuhla "Unozinti" - abadlali aqaphe esangweni nethimba lakhe siqu ekuhlaselweni abaphikisi sika. Futhi izwi akuyona kuphela kwandile, kodwa futhi wabeka phezu kokubili ngemicu a "unozinti" angaphandle.

Esidala "izindiza"

Ucabangani, ukuthi ezikhathini sikaPeter Omkhulu wayaziwa igama elithi "indiza"? Futhi kungabi njengoba into Fairy ezindizayo (flying ukhaphethi), kanye ne-engineering design ngempela? It kuvela ukuthi izindiza ngalezo zinsuku nabizelwa izikebhe self ezinezinjini, okuvumela sife ngaphesheya komfula ngohide eside izikhali nokudla. Kamuva, izwi lidlule ku wonke amagama anzima ezikhethekile kakhulu futhi zaqala ukusetshenziswa ebhizinisini ukwelukwa.

Indaba efanayo kwenzeka ngegama elithi "ibhayisikili". It kuvela lalisetshenziswa ngokugcwele eRussia medieval - e Muscovy. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi siye ngokuthi abagijimi-abagijimi. Ibhayisikili nesibongo lingase lihunyushwe ngokuthi "imikhumbi ezinezinyawo", hhayi "ephethwe libhayisikili." Ngakho-ke, ibhayisikili, bese indiza futhi ngesizathu esihle akunakubangelwa ubudala, Russian ubudala wathi. Ngokungafani lovitvy, migomo baye Nokho wahlangabezana nezinye amagugu abo babe efanele e enkulumweni yanamuhla, ushintsha ngokuphelele incazelo yalo.

izinsalela esidlule

ezikhumbuzo Emangazayo ukusetshenziswa lasendulo waqala, Isimanga siwukuthi, eziningi zezigodi zanamuhla. amazwi Drevnerusskie, izibonelo eye alutholakalanga ifomu kokuqala, vuma ngo esinqunyiwe, isimo ezingashintshi. Ngokwesibonelo, amagama zonke ezijwayelekile ezifana "okubi", "inhlanhla." Akunzima ukukuqonda, futhi amagama ahlobene of imiqondo le - "aphume naphezu", "okungahleliwe". sekukudala izinhlayiya ecacile nelula yokukhuluma.

Kukhona Ngamanye amazwi wenza isimiso esifana. Ngokwesibonelo, "ngokuphamazela". "Ngokuphambeneyo", "Askew." Kodwa "ngokuphambeneyo", "Bekrenev" noma "ezisheshayo" - kuyinto amazwi zaphela. Old Russian, uhlamvu lokuqala namagugu abo - ikhanda Abalobi bezichaza-mazwi izazi zezilimi.

Imiphumela

Njengoba ubona, amagama lasendulo Russian netinchazelo tawo abasele insimu ebanzi ucwaningo. Abaningi babo yokuzwa. Futhi manje, uma behlangana e-izincwadi lasendulo kwegama elithi "vevelyay", "vedentsy" noma "ukhathazeke," asikwazi ukusesha ngokuphepha izichazamazwi yamanani. Kodwa abaningi babo asalindele ezobhekwa. umsebenzi kuphela odinga isineke ngala mazwi lasendulo sizochaza namagugu abo futhi enothisa yolimi lwanamuhla Russian.