Okukhanya futhi zemvelo. okukhanya ngokungafani yemvelo

Amagagasi are of nhlobonhlobo ezimbili. I longitudinal perturbation vibrational zifana esiqondisweni sabo esiphelweni. Isibonelo ukudlula umsindo emoyeni. amagagasi transverse aqukethe yokuphazamiseka okuyizinto i-engela 90 ° kuya yekuhambisa sandla. Ngokwesibonelo, igagasi odlulayo nendawo ngokusebenzisa mass amanzi kubangela kunyakaza mpo ngaso ubuso bayo.

Ukutholakala

Inombolo yemiphumela ongaqondakali optical nasemkhakheni Maphakathi nekhulu XVII, kuye kwachazwa, lapho okukhanya futhi zemvelo waqala kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele into wave kanye isiqondiso kunyakaza yayo Kwatholakala. Eyokuqala okuthiwa nokwehlukana umphumela kwatholakala udokotela Danish Erasmus Bartholin e 1669. Scientific waphawula kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona double noma birefringence e Iceland Spar noma calcium (ifomu crystal-calcium carbonate). Lapho ukukhanya sidlula crystal calcite ezidabula ke, esikhiqiza izithombe ezimbili udlulele isihlobo komunye nomunye.

Newton ukwazi lokhu mkhuba futhi kusikisela ukuthi corpuscles mhlawumbe ukukhanya asymmetry noma "eyodwa emaceleni", lokhu kungaba imbangela kumiswa imifanekiso emibili. Huygens, owayephila ngesikhathi Newton wakwazi ukuchazela kakhulu inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona kabili amagagasi aphansi, kodwa akazange siqonde okushiwo umphumela kweqiniso. Birefringence yahlala ingaziwa kwaze kwaba Thomas Young kanye physics French Augustin-Zhan Frenel akuyona wasikisela ukuba amaza okukhanya kukhona transverse. Umbono olula ukuvumele ukuba achaze lokho lihlukaniswe futhi zemvelo ukukhanya. Lokhu wanikeza uhlaka yemvelo futhi kube lula ehlaziya nokwehlukana imiphumela.

I birefringence kubangelwa inhlanganisela polarizations ezimbili orthogonal, ngamunye ephethe wave yayo velocity. Ngenxa umehluko ngesivinini yezingxenye ezimbili babe indices ezahlukene yezokubona, futhi ngalokho bakhulile ehlukile refracted ngokusebenzisa impahla, esikhiqiza izithombe ezimbili.

okukhanya futhi yemvelo: Maxwell ithiyori

Fresnel ngokushesha lakhiwa umfuziselo olunzulu amagagasi transverse, okwaholela birefringence kanye nenombolo imiphumela optical. Eminyakeni engamashumi amane kamuva, lo kagesi theory uMaxwell sika enhle uchaza ubunjalo transverse yokukhanya.

amagagasi kagesi Maxwell sakhiwa kazibuthe kanye kagesi perpendicular isiqondiso oscillating ukunyakaza. Amasimu i-engela 90 ° komunye nomunye. Kulokhu isiqondiso Lokusakaza kazibuthe kanye kagesi yakha uhlelo sokudla Ukudidiyela. Ukuze uthole wave ne f imvamisa kanye λ obuphelele (ezihlobana kwencika λf = c), okuyinto siya omuhle x isiqondiso, amasimu bachazwa izibalo:

• E (x, t) = E ₀ cos (2 π x / λ - 2 π ft) y ^;
• B (x, t) = B ₀ cos (2 π x / λ - 2 π ft) z ^.

I zibalo zibonisa ukuthi amasimu kagesi kazibuthe kukhona esigabeni nomunye. Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi enikeziwe, bayazi kanyekanye ukufinyelela izindinganiso zabo esiphezulu endaweni elilingana E ₀ no-B _0. Lezi amplitudes akuzona ezimele. zibalo Maxwell zembula ukuthi E ₀ = CB ₀ kuwo wonke amagagasi kagesi e vacuo.

isiqondiso nokwehlukana

Encazelweni yalokho orientation we kazibuthe kanye kagesi amaza okukhanya ngokuvamile kuphela ibonisa inkomba emkhakheni kagesi. I magnetic field Vector kunqunywa imfuneko perpendicularity amasimu perpendicularity kwabo ohlangothini ukunyakaza. ukukhanya Ezingokwemvelo Kanye Nezenzo yemigqa athuthukisiwe ungachazwa ukuthi kule minyaka engu ensimini oscillate ndlela fixed njengoba ukuhamba wave.

Kunezinye kungenzeka nokwehlukana uthi. Endabeni zithwala isiyingi we kazibuthe kanye kagesi kukhona isihlobo sizungeziswe esiqondisweni esiphelweni at amplitude njalo. ukukhanya Elliptically athuthukisiwe kuyinto isikhundla Lesisemkhatsini phakathi komugqa futhi polarizations isiyingi.

ukukhanya unpolarized

Atoms phezu ube intambo evuthayo, okuyinto ukukhiqiza emisebeni kagesi, kukhona, ngayodwana. emisebeni ngayinye ingalandwa cishe abalingisa njengoba izitimela esikhathi esifushane imizuzwana 10 ^{-9-10 -8.} amagagasi kagesi kusukela intambo, kuyinto superposition lezi izitimela, ngamunye ephethe yayo nokwehlukana isiqondiso. Inani ngamakhasimende nemiyalezo izitimela amafomu vector wave nokwehlukana okuyinto kuyahlukahluka ngokushesha elingafani. igagasi okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi unpolarized. Zonke imithombo yemvelo ukukhanya, kuhlanganise Sun, izibani incandescent, izibani Fluorescent amalangabi, ukukhiqiza ngokuqhubekayo emisebeni enjalo. Nokho, ukukhanya yemvelo ngokuvamile kancane lihlukaniswe ngenxa kusakazeka amaningi nekucabangisisa.

Ngakho, umehluko kusuka ukukhanya yemvelo athuthukisiwe liqukethe iqiniso lokuthi oscillations lokuqala lwenzeka e indiza.

Izinto ezinemisebe athuthukisiwe

okukhanya zingaba lapho umumo ngekwendzawo kunqunywa. Esinye sezibonelo zalokhu emisebeni synchrotron, lapho ephezulu amandla icala izinhlayiya ezihambelayo kazibuthe kanye ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana athuthukisiwe wave kagesi. Kukhona imithombo eminingi owaziwa yezinkanyezi ukuthi ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana zokukhanya ngokwemvelo athuthukisiwe. Lezi zihlanganisa mafu, izinsalela supernova, futhi esebenzayo Galactic nuclei. cosmic emisebeni nokwehlukana sifundwa kuwo ukuze kutholakale izindawo imithombo yayo.

Polaroid isihlungi

okukhanya futhi zemvelo zihlukaniswe edabula eziningi zokwakha, ezivame kakhulu okuyinto Polaroid, owenziwa physics saseMelika u-Edwin Land. Lemifanekiso siqukethe amaketanga olude hydrocarbon molecule ngamakhasimende kwelinye direction ngulenchubo ukwelashwa ukushisa. Mpilo ngokukhetha bachayeke emisebeni yelanga, emkhakheni kagesi kuyinto parallel ukuma kwabo. Ukukhanya kokushiya polarizer is yemigqa lihlukaniswe. emkhakheni wayo kagesi perpendicular isiqondiso orientation yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Polaroid ithole isicelo emikhakheni eminingi, kuhlanganise izibuko nokuhlunga ukuthi ukunciphisa umphumela we ukukhanya kubonakala futhi zihlakazeke.

ukukhanya Ezingokwemvelo Kanye Nezenzo athuthukisiwe: umthetho malus

Ngo 1808, isazi sesayensi yemvelo Etienne Louis malus wathola ukuthi ukukhanya kubonakala kusukela evele non-metallic, ngokwengxenye athuthukisiwe. Izinga lo mphumela incike engela kwesifo kanye Inkomba yezokubona we indaba lembhali. Kwelinye futhi ezimweni ezimbi lapho tangent engela kwesifo emoyeni uyalingana Inkomba yezokubona we indaba lembhali, ukukhanya kubonakala kuba yemigqa ngokuphelele lihlukaniswe. Lesi senzakalo njengoba umthetho Brewster sika (yaqanjwa owathola bayo, isazi sesayensi yemvelo Scottish uDavide Brewster) eyaziwa. Isiqondiso nokwehlukana zifana kuya ebusweni khomba. Njengoba ukukhanya Fluorescent zivamise ukwenzeka phezu reflection kusuka evele ovundlile ezifana imigwaqo nokuhlunga amanzi ngokuvamile usetshenziselwa izibuko ukuze uhlale ukukhanya nendawo lihlukaniswe ngakhoke ngokukhetha ukususa kubonisa ukukhanya.

Rayleigh kusakazeka

kusakazeka Light izinto ezincane kakhulu kabani Ubukhulu mancane kakhulu kunalawo nombono (okubizwa ngokuthi Rayleigh kusakazeka emva usosayensi oyiNgisi Nkosi Rayleigh), futhi kudala nokwehlukana esinqunyiwe. Lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kudlula engxenyeni ozungeze umhlaba, ke ohlakaziwe ngu molecule emoyeni. Earth ifike zihlakazeke athuthukisiwe ukukhanya yemvelo. I degree of nokwehlukana luncike ihlakaza engela. Njengoba umuntu engakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokukhanya yemvelo kanye athuthukisiwe, lo mphumela ngokuvamile singanakwa. Noma kunjalo, Amehlo ezinambuzane eziningi abasabela ngayo, futhi usebenzise nokwehlukana eyisihlobo emisebeni ehlakazekile njengoba ithuluzi olwandle. Jwayelekile isihlungi ikhamera esetshenziswa emisebeni yangemuva ukunciphisa e Ukukhanya kwelanga, kuyinto polarizer elula eqondile, ohlukanisa i-okukhanya futhi Rayleigh zemvelo.

anisotropic izinto

Nokwehlukana imiphumela esiyibona izinto optically anisotropic (lapho inkomba yezokubona kuyahlukahluka nesiqondiso nokwehlukana), ezifana zinhlayiya birefringent, abanye izakhiwo begazi futhi izinto optically asebenzayo. izicelo kwetheknoloji zihlanganisa nangezibonakhulu polarizing, liquid crystal display futhi amathuluzi okubona esetshenziselwa okucwaninga.