Ore yethusi. Epoch emlandweni wesintu

Omunye metal kuqala, okuyinto usefunde ukusebenza indoda lethusi, noma isi-Latin Cuprum (Cu). Indima yowesifazane ekuthuthukiseni impucuko womuntu akunakwenzeka ukuba senze ihaba: lonke enkathini emlandweni ngokuthi i- "Bronze Age" (zethusi - i ingxubevange tin nethusi). Thola lokhu amahle oluthambile metal (umbala zethusi - pink segolide) bafunda BC. Amazwi athi "bornite", "chalcopyrite", "chalcocite", "covelline", "enargite", "cuprite" kuzwakala igama into engavamile, kodwa eqinisweni ukuze ngokuthi ezinye imikhando zethusi esindayo. Umthombo lo metal kwakuyithusi emkhandweni wensimbi.

Emvelweni, Cuprum kungenzeka ngesimo okuyigugu futhi ifomu compounds. Kunezinhlobo eziningana izinhlobo ezahlukene imikhando yethusi, okuyinto Ukwakheka zingahlukaniswa zibe sulfide, ayefaka futhi edidayo. Ngokuvamile zethusi ore sinzima, iqukethe ezinye izinto eziningi ezibangela - sulfides lomthofu, i-zinc ne-nickel nezinye izakhi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e ngezithako zawo, kukhona trace izakhi - selenium, tellurium, cadmium, indium, nokunye okunjalo. Ngemali lezi zinsimbi akuzona esingaphansi kuka-50% Cuprum, ekhishwe oluphuma edwaleni.

Elivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu sulfide imikhando ehlanganisa Cu kwakwakhe isibabule. ukukhiqizwa zethusi Ngokusobala unezigaba eziningana abahlukene. Indlela eyinhloko ukukhiqizwa yayo kuyinto pyrometallurgical.

Ngokuvamile zethusi ore iqukethe inani ezincane Cuprum, ngakho zohlobo ngaphambilini ngaphansi nokunonophala. Ngenxa yale njongo it is ziyacolwa, luhlanganiswa namanzi bese ezinye esikhethekile, bese afakwe umshini flotation. Kukhona konke exubile, izinhlayiya sulphide ifike kwamanzi njengoba Foam bathumba, kanye imfucuza luhlala phansi.

Esigabeni esilandelayo ukucutshungulwa, okuyinto ethatha ithusi netshe, ngokuthi "sokuncibilikisa ukuze matte." Ukuze ukugxilisa ingqondo ingezwe ingxube isihlabathi futhi evuthayo kuze kube yilapho izinga lokushisa ukuncibilika metal. Njengoba ukuchayeka sulphur is oxidized ukuba sulphur oxide, kanye metal oncibilikisiwe eqoqwe ezansi somlilo. Lokhu ncibilika is batheleka Converter lipheshulwa liyiswa ngapha nangapha nge emoyeni. Ngenxa yalokho, njengoba umphumela we-namachibi sulphur etholwe zethusi metallic, okuyinto batheleka isikhunta. Lapho lwaluyophola lezi ingots (lapho okuqukethwe Cu kuyinto 98%) ikhishwe sulphur dioxide. It is eqoqwe bese lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi feedstock for ukukhiqizwa kwe-sulfuric acid.

Ukuze bathole oyifunayo ubumsulwa metal zethusi ongahluziwe kumele ngaphansi yokucwenga. Kuyinto ezimbili zama - umlilo, noma electrodeposition. Refining nakho kungaba insimbi yizicukuthwane eziqukethwe okuholela ibhamuza zethusi.

Fire yokucwenga wenziwa amaziko ekhethekile, electrolysis wenziwa zokugeza ujenga phambili noma vinyl plastic.

Ukuze umlilo kokululungisa billet okuholela likhokhelwa esithandweni kanye bhotela. Bese qala olubilayo emoyeni ngokusebenzisa metal ketshezi. Esikhathini namachibi we ukungcola ludlulele ngaphakathi lo slag, kanti omunye sublimated futhi esuswa amagesi esithandweni. Oxidized futhi Cuprum. Zonke izinsimbi yizicukuthwane bahlale ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga. Yokutakula zethusi oxidized kwenzeka nokuxhumana umthombo carbon lapho aphume ashone igesi ingxube paromazutnaya futhi t. D. eyohlinzwa okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi ukucasuka zethusi. Ngakho Cu ayabuya carbon ugodo. Khona-ke leli thusi ingot noma ekhethekile anode izingcwecwe yokucwenga electrolytic.

Ngu-electrolysis Refiners yakhetha esimweni lapho zethusi izosetshenziselwa embonini kagesi, noma uma liqukethe semali izinsimbi yizicukuthwane (isiliva, igolide, i-platinum).

Esikhathini okugeza electrolysis egcwele electrolyte, ibekwe ngendlela zethusi elicwengiweyo njengoba anode kanye cathode njengoba Cu okumsulwa, futhi lwamanje badabula okugeza. Ngenxa yalokho, i-cathode is imali kwi metal okumsulwa (ubumsulwa - kuze kube 99,95%).