"I-Black Death" - isifo ephakathi. nesifo sezimbilapho. Zihlupha phakathi kwekhulu XIV: izimbangela nemiphumela

"I-Black Death" - isifo, okumanje Legends. Eqinisweni, ubhubhane okuthiwa zezinhlupho ukuthi hit Europe, Asia, eNyakatho ye-Afrika baze Greenland ekhulwini le-14. Pathology okuphuma advantageously ngesimo sezimbilapho. Ukugxila Wendawo kwalesi sifo kuye babe le Gobi Desert. Uphi le ndawo, abaningi abawazi. Gobi kungokwalabo Eurasia. Black ulwandle-ke umsuka khona yalokho okwenzeka Little Ice Age, okwakwenza kube lula ukuthola i-Umfutho ebukhali futhi iyingozi kwesimo sezulu.

nesifo sezimbilapho kwabulala abantu abayizigidi ezingu-60. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwezinye izindawo inani lokufa safinyelela ezimbili kwezintathu emphakathini. Ngenxa Ukungaqiniseki sifo, kanye nokungakwazi ngaleso sikhathi ukwelapha, imibono yenkolo baqala ukwanda phakathi kwabantu. Yaba inkolelo evamile emandleni aphakeme. Ngesikhathi esifanayo saqala ukushushiswa okuthiwa "poisoners", "witch", "abathakathi" lowo ngokusho abashisekeli benkolo, ekugcineni lo mqedazwe abantu.

Le nkathi wehlela emlandweni ngokuthi isikhathi abantu abantula isineke, lawo ngokushesha ukwesaba, inzondo, ukungathembani ze eziningi. Eqinisweni, lapho kugqashuka ubhadane lwesifo sezimbilapho Yiqiniso, kunezincazelo ngokwesayensi.

Insumansumane ngemvelaphi nesifo sezimbilapho

Lapho mlando ngifuna Ukungena lesi sifo e-Europe, bahlala ku umbono wokuthi kukhona kwakuyisishayo e Tatarstan. Okuningi ngokunembile, kwakusijabulisa amaTatar.

Ngo 1348, YaseCrimea AmaTatar eliholwa Khan Janybekov ngesikhathi sebethule inqaba Genoese Kafa (Feodosia) waphonsa emuva izidumbu zabantu ngaphambilini nawo ayebulawa yilolu bhubhane. Ngemva kokukhululwa, lo abeLungu baqala ukuba bawushiye lowo muzi, le sifo kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Kodwa lokho okuthiwa 'nenhlupho e Tatarstan "limane nje kokuqagela zabantu abangamazi kanjani kokugqashuka okuzumayo olubulalayo" omnyama ukufa. "

Imfundiso kuhlulekile ngoba waziwa ngokuthi ubhadane ayihambi phakathi kwabantu. Kungenzeka abangenwe sidla amagundane amancane noma izinambuzane.

Lo mbono "jikelele" sekuneminyaka u-Adalberto isikhathi eside futhi iqukethe eziningi izimfihlakalo. Empeleni, lesi sifo ka ngekhulu le-14, kwacaca ukuthi kamuva, baqala ngenxa yezizathu eziningana.

azifele kwaso

Ngaphandle ngokuzumayo kwesimo sezulu e-Eurasia, kokugqashuka nesifo sezimbilapho kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe ezicini eziningana kwemvelo. Phakathi kwabo:

• nesomiso emhlabeni wonke eChina, okuyinto kwalandelwa balambe;
• e Henan okukhulu nokuhlaselwa isikhonyane ;
• e Beijing isikhathi eside ubuswa izimvula neziphepho.

Njengomhlaba "Lwezithombe uJustinian," njengoba zibizwa kanjalo lokuqala "ukufa abamnyama" ubhubhane yabanjwa oqotsheni abantu ngemva izinhlekelele mass. Waze basebehamba ngendlela efanayo esasisandulele.

Kwehliswe amasosha omzimba abantu sokucasuka okuthonywa nayizimo zendawo sekubangele isifo mass. Le nhlekelele ifinyelele ngezabelo yokuthi amakhanda amasonto kwadingeka ukuvula Igumbi lalolo nesineke.

Inhlupheko Ephakathi futhi waba izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho.

izimbangela izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho nesifo sezimbilapho

izici wemvelo ngabe avuse kubheduke ezinkulu ubhubhane bebodwa. Bona zazivela izimfanelo izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho ezifana:

• ezempi eFrance, eSpain, e-Italy;
• ukubusa amaMongol-Tatar ijoka phezu ingxenye eMpumalanga Yurophu;
• ukuhweba ethuthukisiwe;
• elikhula ngokushesha ubumpofu;
• eliphezulu kakhulu ukwanda kwabantu.

Esinye isici esibalulekile ukuthi wayithukuthelisa ayehlasela isifo, kwaba inkolelo, okusho ukuthi abantu ukholo kufanele wageza njengoba njalo ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngokusho abangcwele isikhathi, sizindla ngalo, mzimba wakhe nqunu yomuntu ingena esilingweni. Ezinye amasonto ngakho benamandla abalandeli lo mbono, ongenakwenziwa emanzini, neze konke ukuphila kwami omdala.

ElaseYurophu ekhulwini le-14 akuzange kubhekwa amandla ahlanzekile. Labantu angalandeli Ukulahlwa kukadoti. Ukusingathwa elahliwe ngokuqondile amafasitela, dishwater futhi okuqukethwe egumbini izimbiza elachithwa emgwaqweni, kukhona econsa igazi imfuyo. Konke kamuva bewela umfula lapho abantu bathathe amanzi okupheka ngisho ukuphuza.

Njengomhlaba "Lwezithombe uJustinian," "i-Black Death" kwaba senziwa inqwaba namagundane ezihlala sisondelene nabantu. Esikhathini izincwadi isikhathi ungathola okufakiwe eziningi enikelwe yini okufanele uyenze uma isilwane ukulunywa. Njengoba wazi, amagundane kanye marmots - abathwala lesi sifo, ngakho-ke abantu babe bethukile, ngisho omunye zazo. Emzamweni izithathe ukuze ixazulule leyo namagundane eziningi ukhohlwe konke, kuhlanganise umndeni wakhe.

Indlela Bonke baqala

Iphuzu umsuka isifo kwaba Gobi ehlane. Uphi indawo Bewuyini umnqopho ngokushesha engaziwa. Kusolwa ukuthi amaTatar eduzane limenyezelwe ukuzingelwa marmots, okuyizinto abathwali isifo. Ayazise bathole inyama noboya kwalezi zilwane. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukutheleleka sasingagwemeki.

namagundane abaningi ngenxa nesomiso kanye nezinye izimo zezulu ezingezinhle kwesokunxele isiphephelo sabo futhi sathuthela eduze abantu, lapho ayengathola khona ukudla okwengeziwe.

Isifundazwe Hebei e China wahlupheka kuqala. Kube abulala okungenani u-90% sabantu. Lesi ngesinye futhi isizathu ukuthi emenza umbono ukuthi ukuvela isifo sokucasuka AmaTatar. Ziyakwazi owaziwa Silk Road bangaqhubeka sifo naye.

Khona-ke inhlupho yayisiqalile safinyelela India, bese wathuthela eYurophu. Ngokumangalisayo, esinye kuphela umthombo sikhathi okukhulunywe ubunjalo isifo kweqiniso. Kukholakala ukuthi abantu ehlaselwa ifomu sezimbilapho wesifo.

Emazweni lapho ungazange wathinta ubhubhane, ngeNkathi Ephakathi, wavuka isidumo yangempela. Izinhloko uthi wathumela izithunywa ukuze uthole ulwazi ngalesi sifo kanye nochwepheshe ophoqelelwe baziqambela ikhambi ke. Inani labantu base-kwamanye amazwe, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ebumnyameni, uzimisele ukholelwa ukuthi amahemuhemu ukuthi izwe okunobuthi kuba imvula izinyoka, umoya ohlabayo futhi umlilo wehla esibhakabhakeni amabhola acid.

isici Modern kwesifo sezimbilapho

Inhlupheko eYurophu uye esabulala inqwaba ngoba nje abantu abazange babe nethuba ukufunda lesi sifo. izinganekwane eziningi wabonakala ngenxa yokunganaki nokuphelelwa yithemba. Eqinisweni, i-ejenti kuphela causative kwesifo sezimbilapho - igciwane, okuyinto isithwali izenze, ngokuvamile yisinanakazana ku amagundane abamnyama.

okushisa aphansi, eside ukuthola umzimba umninikhaya sika, incibilikiswa abakwazi ukuqeda agent causative of "omnyama ukufa." Kodwa-ke ngokuphumelelayo ngokumelene ilanga umonakalo kanye omiswe.

Empeleni, ama-bacterium ezibangela isifo, yisinanakazana kuphela namagundane. Nokho, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinhlelo ezibanzi zaziziningi ezingaba sebengakwazi ukuba abantu. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, izimo zokuphila babe akubekezeleleki ukuze iningi igundane uyafa. On the izilwane ezisele namazeze ehlaselwa ngobuningi. Namagundane, esikhundleni salokho, buthaka ukugula, ngifuna indawo yokuhlala, lapho ungathola ukudla, wabafumana eduze abantu. Njengoba ubhadane lwesifo sezimbilapho ukusakaza phakathi kwabantu.

Izimpawu Inhlupho abantu

nesifo sezimbilapho ucala kutfutfukisa kusukela yisilwane i zigcwele elinegciwane. Ama-bacterium ufake-lymph kanye ukuqala izimpilo zabo. Kungazelelwe, indoda Onqobayo Ukugodola, it kwandisa izinga lokushisa komzimba, ikhanda bengasenakubekezela, futhi izici zobuso - angaziwa ngaphansi amehlo avele namabala amnyama. Ngosuku lwesibili emva kokutheleleka kwenzeka bubo uqobo. Ngakho ngokuthi nesanda lymph node.

Lapho ama-bacterium yingcweti ngokuphelele ngesikhathi ISIZINDA, bathola emgudwini wegazi, okubangela ngezinga olunzima lokudakwa. Uma amagciwane engena egazini, isikhumba nolwelwesi lwamafinyila avele namabala amnyama, ukulimaza kanye ukopha.

Umuntu itheleleke nge isifo, bungabonakala ngokushesha. "I-Black Death" - isifo olushintsha ebusweni nasemzimbeni ukuqashelwa. I amabhamuza babe zile ngosuku lwesibili, futhi isimo jikelele isiguli singenakukwazi kubhekwe ezanele.

Izimpawu Inhlupho abantu Ephakathi, okumangalisayo zehluke izimpawu isiguli yesimanje.

Lwasemtholampilo isithombe ubhadane lwesifo sezimbilapho Ephakathi

"I-Black Death" - isifo liyabonakala ngezizathu ezifana Ephakathi:

• imfiva, Ukugodola;
• ulaka;
• umuzwa Okuqhubekayo wobugwala,
• sebuhlungwini obunzima esifubeni;
• iphika;
• ukukhwehlela kanye osenyameni igazi;
• igazi imfucuza imikhiqizo babe omnyama;
• ulimi kungabonwa patina amnyama;
• izilonda futhi buboes ezivukayo emzimbeni, wanika off nephunga ezingemnandi;
• ingaphazamisi ukwazi.

Lezi zimpawu ezibhekwa njengophawu eziphuthumayo futhi ngoba wayebona ukuthi usezokufa. Uma umuntu wanikwa isigwebo, kakade wayazi ukuthi umi kusiphi isikhathi washiya kancane kakhulu. Akekho yazama ukubhekana nalo lezi zimpawu, basuke kubhekwe ukuba intando kaNkulunkulu kanye nebandla.

Ukwelashwa kwesifo sezimbilapho Ephakathi

imithi yangeNkathi Ephakathi yayiwukuphela neze. Udokotela abeza ukuhlola isiguli, banaka kakhudlwana inkulumo mayelana ukuthi wavuma okungaphezu nje ukwelashwa. Lokhu kwakuhambisana nezinga eliphansi kukhathazeka labantu zenkolo. Insindiso umphefumulo wawubhekwa njengobaluleke kakhulu kunalezo yokutakula umzimba. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuhlinzwa cishe hhayi wayekwenza.

isifo Ukwelashwa zazimi kanje:

• izimila bese isikwa moxibustion ngensimbi eshisayo;
• ukusetshenziswa sinqobe;
• ukunamathela isikhumba ezihuquzelayo sezimbilapho;
• esisuka isifo ngosizo odonsa.

Kulesi imithi yangeNkathi Ephakathi yayiwukuphela namanje asisona esingenathemba. Abanye odokotela ke iziguli ukuba unamathele ukudla okuhle bese ulinda umzimba ukuba sibhekane ngokuphumelelayo nalolu bhubhane. Lena imfundiso yokuziphendukela eyanele kakhulu sokwelashwa. Yiqiniso, ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele ngesikhathi izimo yokutakula wawutholakala, kodwa nokho zazenzeka.

Ukuze ekwelapheni isifo athathwa odokotela kuphela Okuqukethwe akuzwakali noma intsha abafuna ukuzitholela udumo ngumuntu longshot. Ayefaka imaski olufana ikhanda lenyoni nge uqhwaku evelele. Nokho, leso sivikelo igcinwa kude bonke, odokotela abaningi kangaka abaye bafa ngemva iziguli zabo.

Iziphathimandla Amandla belulekwa abantu ukuba banamathele izindlela ezinjalo ukulwa nalolu bhubhane:

• Escape emajukujukwini. Kulokhu, kwadingeka banqobe amakhilomitha amaningi kakhulu. Hlala ezindaweni eziqhele ngokwanele ngenxa yalesi sifo kwadingeka ukuba eside ngangokunokwenzeka.
• Ngokusebenzisa le site ukutheleleka ukushayela nemihlambi yamahhashi. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi lezi zinto umoya isilwane ahlanze emoyeni. Ngenhloso efanayo bayalwa ukuba ake amakhaya izinambuzane ezahlukene. Egumbini lapho Ngisanda kushonelwa kumuntu isifo, ngafaka esosweni ubisi, ngoba kwakucatshangwa ukuthi zidla isifo. Futhi kuye kwaba izindlela popular ezifana zizalela endlini spider futhi inani elikhulu imililo evutha eduze yokuhlala.
• Yenza noma yini edingekayo ukuze ukubulala iphunga isifo. Kukholakala ukuthi uma umuntu angabi nomuzwa iphunga elibi okuvela kubantu abanaleli gciwane, it is impela evikelwe. Yingakho abaningi ayethwele sezimbali izimbali.

Futhi, udokotela weluleka hhayi ukulala ngemuva kokusa, ukuba bangalibali ocansini hhayi ukucabanga mayelana nesifo nokufa. Namuhla, le ndlela kubonakala crazy, kodwa Ephakathi, abantu abatholakele induduzo kuwo.

Yiqiniso, isici esibalulekile empilweni lo mqedazwe, kwaba inkolo.

Inkolo ngesikhathi umqedazwe kwesifo sezimbilapho

"I-Black Death" - isifo scares abantu ukungaqiniseki yayo. Ngakho-ke, nalemvelaphi kwakukhona izinkolelo zenkolo ezihlukahlukene:

• Inhlupheko - isijeziso sezono abantu ojayelekileko, ukungalaleli, onesimo sengqondo esingesihle ngabantu eduze, isifiso ukunqotshwa yisilingo.
• Inhlupho yaba ngenxa yobudedengu ngokukholwa.
• Kwaqala lolu bhadane ngenxa yokuthi vogue izicathulo ne izinzwane ezicijile, okwabacasula kakhulu uNkulunkulu.

Abapristi, ngubani ziye zaphoqeleka ukuba uzwe ukuvuma abantu befa ngokuvamile kukhona elinegciwane, wafa. Ngakho ngokuvamile edolobheni wasala engasenabo abefundisi ngoba ayesesabela izimpilo zawo.

Ngaphansi kwesimo isimo akhazimula uvele amaqembu ahlukene noma amahlelo axabanayo, ngalinye elikwazi ngendlela yabo wachaza imbangela yalolu bhadane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezeni kwakuvamile phakathi kwabantu, babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli kweqiniso.

Izinkolelo-ze ngesikhathi umqedazwe kwesifo sezimbilapho

Kuzo zonke, ngisho umcimbi awuwona yini ongelutho kunayo, ngesikhathi Igagasi abantu abonile izimpawu engavamile phetho. Ezinye ukukholelwa ezeni amazing ngempela:

• Uma owesifazane nqunu ngokugcwele alime ezweni endlini, kanye nawo wonke umkhaya wakubo ngalesi sikhathi kuyoba egumbini, shiya etendeni eseduze izindawo.
• Uma wenza uhlelo khona isithombe sakhe obala, efanekisela isifo, awushise emuva phansi lesi sifo.
• Ukuthi isifo hhayi ehlaselwa, kubalulekile ukuba athwale isiliva noma mercury.

ezinganekwaneni usethe imigomo emhlabeni isithombe yalolu bhubhane. Babekholelwa ngempela abantu. Besaba waphinda uvule umnyango wendlu yakhe, ukuze singathwesi ake emoyeni wesifo. Ngisho nabantu bomdabu baxabana bodwa, ngamunye efuna ukuzisindisa futhi kuphela yena.

Isimo e-umphakathi

abantu abacindezelwe futhi bethukile ekugcineni wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi isifo sandile okuthiwa elinamandla abafisa ukufa ukuze sonke isibalo sabantu. Waqala ukuphishekela abasolwa. Bona ngenkani bayiswe esibhedlela. Abantu abaningi abaye osolwa wazibulala. ukuzibulala ubhubhane yahlasela iYurophu. Inkinga ifinyelele ngezabelo yokuthi iziphathimandla ezisengozini alabo abazibulalayo ukubeka izidumbu zabo obala.

Njengoba abantu abaningi bagculiseka ukuthi siphile zimbalwa kakhulu, kwaqalwa kuzo zonke sina: engumlutha wotshwala, ngifuna Zithokozise abesifazane zobuhle lula. Le ndlela yokuphila okwengeziwe ukuqinisa nalolubhubhane.

Bhubhane ifinyelele ngezabelo yokuthi izidumbu athathwa ebusuku, bephonsa nabo emigodini akhethekile wokungcwaba.

Ngezinye izikhathi kuyenzeka ukuthi iziguli ngokuqondile sifo uvele umphakathi, ezama ukungena amaningi njengoba izitha kunokwenzeka. Kwakubuye kube ngenxa yokuthi lalibhekwa like ehlukana isifo, uma udlulisa omunye umuntu.

Esimweni wesikhathi yimuphi umuntu ngenxa yanoma yisiphi isizathu ukugqama esixukwini, yayingase ibizwe kubhekwa njengento poisoner.

Nemiphumela "Black Death"

"Ukufa Okumnyama" kuye kwaba nemiphumela ebalulekile kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila. Okubaluleke nakakhulu kuzo:

• Kushintshe ngokuphawulekayo isilinganiso samaqembu egazi.
• Ukukhubazeka emkhakheni wezepolitiki wokuphila.
• Amadolobhana amaningi aye adle.
• Kwakuwukuqala kobudlelwano bobuqili. Abantu abaningi, ababesebenza emihlanganweni yabo yamadodana abo basebenza, baphoqeleka ukuba baqashe amakhosi angaphandle.
• Njengoba kwakungenalo amandla okusebenza emsebenzini wokukhiqiza, lolu hlobo lomsebenzi lwaqala ukuba nolwazi ngabesifazane.
• Imithi iye yathuthela esigabeni esisha sokuthuthukiswa. Waqala ukutadisha zonke izinhlobo zezifo futhi usungula izidakamizwa kubo.
• Izinceku kanye nomkhakha ophansi wabantu baqala ukufuna isimo esingcono ngokwabo ngenxa yokuntuleka kwabantu. Abantu abaningi abangenacala kwakuyizindlalifa zezihlobo ezicebile ezifile.
• Kuye kwenziwa imizamo yokukhiqiza ukukhiqizwa.
• Amanani ezindlu nokuqashiswa awile kakhulu.
• Ngesisindo esikhulu, ukuziqhenya kwabantu kwakhula, hhayi ukufisa ukulalela uhulumeni ngokungaboni. Lokhu kwabangela ukuhlukumezeka nokuhlukunyezwa okuhlukahlukene.
• Ngokuphawulekayo kwehlisa ithonya lesonto kubantu. Abantu babona ukungabi namandla kwabapristi ekulwa nalesi sifo, bayeka ukwethemba kwabo. Imikhosi nezinkolelo, ezazivinjelwe ngaphambili esontweni, zaqala ukusetshenziswa futhi. Ikhulu leminyaka "yabathakathi" kanye "nabathakathi" baqala. Inani labapristi liye lahla kakhulu. Ukuthunyelwa okunjalo kwakuvame ukuthathwa ngabantu abangafundile nabangalungile. Abaningi abazange baqonde, ngoba ukufa akuthinti izigebengu kuphela, kodwa futhi abantu abalungile, abanomusa. Mayelana nalokhu, iYurophu yababuza amandla kaNkulunkulu.
• Ngemuva kwesifo esikhulu, lesi sifo asizange sishiye abantu. Ngezikhathi ezithile, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe zavela emadolobheni ahlukene, zithatha izimpilo zabantu nazo.

Namuhla abacwaningi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lesi sifo sesibili sasinjengesifo se-bubonic.

Imibono mayelana nokwanda kwesibili

Kukhona ukungabaza ukuthi "ukufa okumnyama" kuyisimangalo ngesikhathi sokuchuma kwesifo se-bubonic. Kukhona izincazelo zalokhu:

• Iziguli ezinesifo ngokuvamile azibonanga izimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane nesifo somphimbo. Kodwa-ke, izazi zanamuhla ziphawula ukuthi kunamaphutha amaningi ezindabeni zaleso sikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminye imisebenzi iwubuciko futhi iphikisana hhayi kuphela kwezinye izindaba, kodwa ngokwabo.
• Isibungu sesithathu sakwazi ukubulala abantu abangamaphesenti amathathu nje kuphela, kanti "ukufa okumnyama" kwaphumela okungenani okwesithathu kweYurophu. Kodwa nalokhu kunencazelo. Ngesikhathi sobhubhane lwesibili kwakukhona isimo esibi esingahlanzekile, esibangela izinkinga ezingaphezu kwesifo.
• Amabhodlela avela ekulimazeni komuntu ayengaphansi kwezingalo nasentanyeni. Kungaba okunengqondo, uma bevuka ezinyaweni zabo, ngoba kuyindlela elula yokufinyelela ehlathini. Noma kunjalo, leli qiniso alilutho elingenasici. Kuvela ukuthi kanye nesilwane esikhulayo , umsakazo wesifo uyisilwane somuntu. Futhi kwakukhona izinambuzane ezinjalo ezinkathini eziphakathi.
• Ngokuvamile lesi sifo sandulela ukufa kwamantombazane. Lesi simo asizange siphawulwe eNkathini Ephakathi. Leli qiniso lingabuye libe inselele, ngokunikezwa kwezinyosi zabantu.
• I-flea, okuyiyona ethwala isifo, ingcono kakhulu ezwa emoyeni ofudumele futhi omswakama. Ubhubhane bukhula ngesikhathi sezulu esibanda kakhulu.
• Ukusakazeka kwalesi sifo kwakuyirekhodi.

Ngenxa yezifundo eziqhutshwayo zatholakala ukuthi i-genome yezinhlupho zanamuhla zesifo zifana nesifo seNkathi Ephakathi, okufakazela ukuthi kwakunguhlobo lwe-bubonic lwe-pathology eyaba "ukufa okumnyama" kubantu baleso sikhathi. Ngakho-ke, noma yimiphi imibono ihanjiswe ngokuzenzakalelayo esigabeni esingalungile. Kodwa ukucwaninga okuningiliziwe ngalolu daba kusekhona.