Yikuphi amanzi zilimaze ngokushesha: kushisa noma kubanda? Kungabe kusiya

Empeleni, abanye amanzi zilimaze ngokushesha, kushisa noma kubanda, ehlaselwe izici eziningi, kodwa umbuzo ngokwayo kubonakala kancane aphambene. Kuyaqondakala, futhi physics eyaziwa ukuthi amanzi ashisayo esadinga isikhathi kuphole lokushisa lamanzi abandayo ufaniswa ujike ice. Amanzi abandayo lesi sinyathelo futhi, ngokulandelana, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ke ukuthi kuwina bani. Kodwa impendulo yombuzo othi ngokuqondene nokuthi imiphi amanzi zilimaze ngokushesha - kushisa noma kubanda - ngaphandle emakhazeni, uyazi zonke izakhamuzi zomphakathi zindawo enyakatho. Eqinisweni, ngendlela yesayensi, kubonakala sengathi noma kunjalo, amanzi abandayo nje bebophekile ukuba iqhwa ngokushesha.

Vele Ngacabanga yemvelo uthisha, okwathi kamuva laba umfundi Erasto Mpemba ngo-1963 isicelo ukuze sichaze ukuthi kungani ingxube abandayo ice esizayo ukhilimu simisiwe isikhathi eside kunaleso efanayo, kodwa ashisayo.

"Akusiwona physics emhlabeni, futhi abanye physics Mpemba"

Ngaleso sikhathi, uthisha nje wahleka, kodwa Deniss Osborne, onguprofesa wezinto zemvelo, owake waya esikoleni esifanayo, lapho afundela khona Erasto, Ucwaningo waqinisekisa ukuba khona mphumela, nakuba incazelo uma kwakungeyona. Ngo-1969, e-popular umagazini wesayensi eshicilelwe iphepha ahlangene amadoda amabili, abaye echazwe lolu hlobo umphumela. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ngasendleleni, umbuzo lapho amanzi eba yiqhwa ngokushesha - siyashisa noma siyabanda, unegama ayo - umphumela noma indida Mpemba.

Lokhu kunganeliseki kwavela ngemva umbuzo kudala

Ngokwemvelo, ngaphambi lesi simanga kwenzeke ukuba, futhi kwakukhulunywa ngaye imisebenzi ezinye izazi. Akukona nje kuphela umfundi nentshisekelo kulo mbuzo, kodwa nesikhathi sakho ecabanga ukuthi Frensis Bekon, Rene Dekart, ngisho u-Aristotle. Yilokho kuphela Tindlelanchubo ukuxazulula leli phuzu sabukeka kuphela ekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili.

Imibandela ukuba indida iphutha

Njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni ka-ice cream, hhayi amanzi nje abavamile zilimaze ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa. Kufanele kube nezimo ezithile ukuze uqale inkulumo mpikiswano lapho amanzi eba yiqhwa ngokushesha - kushisa noma kubanda. Yini kuthinta Yiqiniso yenqubo?

Manje, ekhulwini lama-21, wabeka phambili eziningi ongakhetha okungase ukuchaza danyj indida. Lokho amanzi zilimaze ngokushesha, kushisa noma kubanda, kungase kuxhomeke endleleni yokuthi amanzi ashisayo njalo seliphindeke izikhathi ezingaphezu abandayo, izinga ukuhwamuka. Ngakho, umthamo yayo incipha, bese uba ezincane njengoba lehla ivolumu kanye nesikhathi okokuqandisa, kunalokho uma sithatha ivolumu abafanayo bokuqala amanzi abandayo.

Sekuyisikhathi eside efrijini defrosted

Empeleni, abanye amanzi iqina ngokushesha, futhi kungani lokhu okwenzekayo, kungathinta iqhwa ulwelwesi ukuthi kungathatha indawo kule esiqandisini efrijini, esetshenziselwa ukuhlola. Uma sithatha iziqukathi amabili ayafana ngobukhulu, kodwa esinye sazo kuyoba amanzi ashisayo, nakwezinye - abandayo amanzi esitsheni ne ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga hot ngaphansi iqhwa, kanjalo ekuthuthukiseni ezishisayo contact ungqimba nge odongeni esiqandisini. I isitsha amanzi abandayo Ngeke ukwazi ukwenza lokhu. Uma ulwelwesi enjalo enesithwathwa esiqandisini akuyona ngamanzi abandayo kufanele kulungele ngokushesha.

Top - ngezansi

Futhi, lo mkhuba lapho amanzi eba yiqhwa ngokushesha - siyashisa noma siyabanda, kuchazwe kanje. Ukulandela imithetho ethile, amanzi abandayo iqala ukumisa kusukela izingqimba phezulu lapho kushisa ikwenze abasebenzela - iqala ukumisa kusukela phansi kuze. Ngakho kubonakala sengathi amanzi abandayo, kokuba ungqimba phezulu ezindaweni ezibandayo ice zakhekile ngokwayo liwohloka ngakho izinqubo Ukubika Inkinga YeWindows nemisebe ezishisayo kanye, kanjalo wamchazela lokho amanzi zilimaze ngokushesha - kushisa noma kubanda. Izithombe kusukela ucwaningo amateur unamathisele, futhi nakhu kuyabonakala.

Heat uyaphuma, kuhloswe phezulu, futhi lapho wahlangana embhedeni abandayo kakhulu. indlela Mahhala ukushisa emisebeni ayitholakali, ngoba inqubo ukupholisa kuba nzima. izithiyo ezinjalo endleleni yayo has nhlobo amanzi ashisayo. Yini zilimaze ngokushesha - siyashisa noma siyabanda, incike yini umphumela kungenzeka, ungakwazi ukudlulisa impendulo ukuthi iyiphi amanzi has into ethile ziyoncibilika kuwo.

Amanyela emkhandweni Ukwakheka amanzi njengesizathu esinomthelela ezithinta umphumela

Uma kungenjalo abakopelayo futhi ukusebenzisa amanzi nge ukwakheka efanayo, lapho lokuhlushwa izinto ezithile ayafana ke amanzi abandayo kufanele iqandiswe ngokushesha. Kodwa uma isimo esifanayo kwenzeka lapho ziyoncibilika chemical izakhi itholakala kuphela emanzini ashisayo bese amanzi abandayo ngesikhathi esifanayo abanayo ke kungenzeka ukuba amanzi ashisayo nqabela ngaphambili. Isizathu siwukuthi solutes emanzini ukudala crystallization izikhungo, futhi inombolo encane yalezi izikhungo lapho eguqula amanzi eba isimo okuqinile kunzima. Mhlawumbe ngisho supercooled amanzi, ngomqondo wokuthi e-sub-zero lokushisa, kuzoba esimweni liquid.

Kodwa zonke lezi zinguqulo, ngokusobala, hhayi kuze kube sekupheleni ososayensi ehlelekile futhi baqhubeka ukusebenza ngalolu daba. Ngo-2013, iqembu labacwaningi e Singapore wathi ukuthi iphethwe ukuxazulula imfumbe wakudala. Iqembu lososayensi Chinese uthi imfihlo lo mphumela inani amandla, okuyinto kugcinwa phakathi molecule yamanzi ukuxhumana yayo, ukubizwa ngokuthi i-hydrogen.

Impendulo evela ososayensi Chinese

Eminye imininingwane mayelana nalokhu izolandela, ukuqonda lapho kuyadingeka selimazi kwamakhemikhali ukuqonda onjani amanzi zilimaze ngokushesha - kushisa noma kubanda. Njengoba yaziwa, amanzi-molecule siqukethe ama-athomu amabili H (hydrogen) kanye ne-athomu elilodwa O (i-oksijini) labetibambile ndawonye covalent izibopho.

Kodwa futhi olulodwa ama-athomu ye-hydrogen kanye nama-molecule bakhangwa molecule elingumakhelwane, kunomoya-mpilo zabo ingxenye. Kuyinto kwalezi zibopho abizwa ngokuthi i-hydrogen.

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-molecule yamanzi isinyathelo nomunye okunyanyekayo. Ososayensi baye baphawula ukuthi Ukushisa amanzi kwandisa ibanga phakathi molecule ayo futhi isandla kulesi amabutho nje okunyanyekayo. It kuvela ukuthi izibopho hydrogen, ukuthatha omunye ibanga phakathi amangqamuzana esimweni abandayo kungashiwo ngelule, futhi babe lemali enkulu namandla. It is lokhu amandla agcinwe ikhishwe lapho amangqamuzana awuketshezi uqale ukuzifinyelela nomunye, okungukuthi, kukhona indlu. Kubonakala sengathi amandla enkulu agcinwe amanzi ashisayo nokukhuphula ikhishwe phezu ukupholisa ukuba kwamakhaza ashubisa umnkantsha, kuba ngokushesha kunokuba ngamanzi abandayo, lapho izimpahla Amandla anjalo kancane. Ngakho lapho amanzi eba yiqhwa ngokushesha - kushisa noma kubanda? Emgwaqweni kanye endaweni yokucwaninga kumele kube indida Mpemba namanzi ashisayo kufanele jikisa ice ngokushesha.

Kodwa umbuzo namanje evulekile

Kukhona kuphela isiqinisekiso ezincwadini imikhondo - wonke amafomula ezibhaliwe futhi enhle kubonakala ozwakalayo. Kodwa lapho imiphumela ucwaningo lapho amanzi eba yiqhwa ngokushesha - siyashisa noma siyabanda, bayokhishwa ngomqondo ongokoqobo, futhi imiphumela yabo izokwethulwa, kuyobe sekuba i-kungenzeka sicabangele iphuzu lokusebenzisa indida Mpemba ivaliwe.