Kuyini multi-okufana yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle? Yiziphi izinhlobo izinkampani

Namuhla sikhuluma ngalokho multi-okufana yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle. Revolution, liguqule - into yokuqala kufanele ukuhlangabezana. Okulandelayo!

kabusha

Okokuqala, ake sithi ukuthi yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle multi-okufana - kungcono zonke izindlela lapho imiphakathi ehlukene ukuthuthukisa. Akusiyo imfihlo ukuthi ekukhuleni komphakathi hhayi kungaba yomugqa, ngenxa okuyinto kukhona inombolo ezanele amaqembu ehlukene, okuyinto zihluke kakhulu komunye nomunye. Nature yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle lungeza ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: kabusha nokuvukela. Ake sihlolisise ekuqaleni.

Ngakho, liyini izinguquko? Kusukela egameni lesi Latin elihunyushwe ngokuthi "ukuguqula". Reform - indlela ushintsho kwezenhlalo, okuyinto isetjenziswa kancane kancane, ngokusebenzisa njalo ukushintsha izakhi ngabanye. Sici sici ukuthi ingangqubuzani nemithetho ezithile eziyisisekelo. Izinguquko ingaqhubekiswa ngokukhululeka kwamaciko. Ngeshwa, ubikezela kunzima kakhulu. Ngokusobala, uhlobo lokuqala ushintsho kuletha ezuzisa umphakathi manje noma esikhathini esizayo (isibonelo, izinguquko ezinkulu zika-Alexander II), kanti eyesibili - umonakalo (isibonelo, esiphikisayo kwekuhlela kabusha kuka-Alexander III). Kuyaqondakala ukuthi izinguquko okuqhubekayo ukuvumela umphakathi ukwenza sinyathelo esibonisa inqubekela phambili nentuthuko yayo, kanye nomphakathi kwamaciko noma mva ukubuya esigabeni odlule yentuthuko.

umumo yezinguquko

Zintathu izindawo eziyinhloko lapho izinguquko isetjenziswa. Yiqiniso, bakwazi ukubona okungawabo okuningi, kodwa eziyisisekelo - kuphela lezi ezintathu: ezombusazwe, ezomnotho nezenhlalo. Eyokuqala igxile ezinye kugucuka empilweni zezombangazwe (ekushintsheni imithetho, ukuhlomisa ngamakhono, sesimanje uhlelo lokhetho, nokunye. D.). Lesi sakamuva esinqophe tingucuko isici kwezomnotho, okungukuthi, konke ehlangene ukuphathwa komnotho (umthetho antitrust, imisebenzi mkhuba, ibhizinisi yangasese, nokunye. D.). kwekuhlela kabusha Social okuhloswe ngazo umphakathi uqobo. Abakwazi ngcono noma ezenza ukuphila kube nzima kubantu (ekushintsheni yobudala yokuthatha umhlalaphansi, ukuphepha komphakathi, ukuhlinzekwa kwemisebenzi nokunye. D.).

Izinguquko kungaba kwenziwe kuzo zonke izindawo zomphakathi, ngoba akukho qiniso ukuthi kwakungeke kube iyashintsha. Bangase babe negalelo elinganiselwe, futhi kungaba donsa in ushintsho ohlelweni social noma ushintsho kwamandla: izinguquko kaPetru Mina, izinguquko 90-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule eRussia, nokunye ..

revolution

Multivariance yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle - akusiyo kabusha kuphela, kodwa lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso. Kusukela egameni lesi Latin ukuthi uhumusha ngokuthi "umbuso." Singasho ukuthi inguquko - kuyinqubo obuhlukile izinguquko. Usikisela ushintsho qualitative belinani eziningi noma yonke imikhakha yomphakathi, okuyinto ibangelwa isinyathelo esiwujuqu. Ngokuvamile lokhu amasu okugumbuqela imibuso nokuvukela, okuyizinto we nemiphumela yesikhathi eside. Revolution kungaba eside futhi short-term. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka ingahlala isikhathi eside kakhulu: isibonelo, Neolithic Revolution. Okwesibili nonyaka odlule.

Ukuqamba kanye sesimanje

Multivariance yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle akunakwenzeka ngaphandle emisha. Okwamanje, imiqondo ezifana ukuguquka ngendlovula kombuso noma guqula kuthiwa lwaludlula ngezwi "emisha". Kuyini lokhu? Lokhu ngcono ezincane alahlwayo okuyinto ikhulisa okuthile ukuze kukhawulwe imibandela esungulwe. Futhi, ungakwazi ngokuvamile ukuthola into efana "sesimanje". Izazi zezokuhlalisana kwabantu kuhlobene nezindaba yentuthuko imiphakathi ethemini, ngoba uphawula yenguquko ukusuka okuthile bendabuko amasha, ukuthuthukisa kanye ephelele. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma yesikhathi sesimanje:

• Primary, ogxile uhlobo ukuthuthukiswa capitalism Western.
• I yesibili, okusho esikhundleni sokuthi ungubani futhi ubunjalo ukwethulwa kwaseNtshonalanga kokuthanda. Ngezinye izikhathi lo mbono ngokuthi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemali ngqo noma Westernization.

yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle Multivariance: typology imiphakathi

Ngokuvamile, imiphakathi ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka zindlela ezine eziyisisekelo: umbhalo, isibalo amazinga abaphathi, ezingeni yentuthuko, izici formational. Ngokwe umbandela kuqala ukukhululwa ebhaliwe kanye nezinhlobo imiphakathi preliterate. On the wesibili (inani zamatshe ukuphathwa, kwamangqamuzana emphakathini) - elula (lapho awukho umahluko phakathi kwabantu abavamile futhi uhulumeni, phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu) futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi (multi-esiteji uhlelo lokulawula, kukhona babhekane nezinga elikhulu emphakathini) imiphakathi. Izinga yentuthuko phi of them lingathuthukiswa, ukuthuthukisa noma ampofu. umphakathi uphawu Formational libabiza kanje:

• umphakathi Classless, okuhlanganisa umphakathi zazingavumi kahle futhi bengenalo umphakathi lamaKhomanisi.
• Class umphakathi, okubandakanya inceku, izinduna kanye imiphakathi zama-Capitalist.

Ukwakhiwa indlela Marx

Yini engase ibe multi-okufana yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle? Kuyini - esikwaziyo kakade, kodwa ukuphendula umbuzo ukuthi kungaba kungenzeka ngosizo izindlela ezikhethekile. Kwabo kukhona eziningana, kodwa sicabanga ezimbili - civilizational futhi formational. Lesi sakamuva yasungulwa Karlom Marksom futhi Fridrihom Engelsom.

Umqondo ukhiye ekukhulumeni kwabo - uhlelo kwezenhlalo noma kwezomnotho. Ngamafuphi, kuvela ukuthi kuyafana ukuthi emphakathini - umphakathi, okuyinto esikhathini esithile ukuthuthukiswa futhi bubonakala ubunye ukukhiqizwa yayo namabutho kwezomnotho ukuthi kufanele i add-on ngalo. Kuyinto amafilosofi noma sezinkolelo esivela emphakathini wonke, futhi udlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni umbono womphakathi, futhi eduze zithandelana postulates kwezomnotho. Iphinde kumelwe lilethe isisekelo elimelela uhlelo oluthile kwezomnotho, okuyinto ozimele kwezihloko angena ubudlelwane kwezomnotho.

Okwazekayo kaMarx lendawo ukubaluleka kwendawo yelungu amabutho ithele - abantu kanye izindlela zokukhiqiza, okuyinto engenalo ulwazi oludingekayo noma amakhono. I superstructure kuyakhethwa kuye kungasiphi isisekelo okwakhethwa. Lesi sakamuva ichaza ngesisekelo ukwakheka, usombulule le nkinga emphakathini okuqondene uhlobo oluthile.

indlela civilizational

Kuyini multi-okufana yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle? Lenchazelo indlela civilizational enezinto eziningi umehluko kusukela ngosuku lokuqala le ndlela:

• Into yokutadisha - akulona uhlobo isimiso sezomnotho, umphakathi kanye nabantu, okuyinto kukhulisa kuye ngezidingo zabo kanye nezithakazelo.
• Indoda akubonakali kuphela njengoba umthombo elikhiqizayo, kodwa futhi njengoba umuntu nezimiso zabo zokuziphatha nezenhlalo.
• yimikhakha ehlukehlukene yomphakathi bayalingana (ezombusazwe, isiko, umthetho, ezomnotho). Ukuthuthukiswa komnotho ingadlali indima evelele.

yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle Multivariance: izinhlobo imiphakathi

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyisisekelo izinkampani:

1. Traditional, lapho isici esiyinhloko zokukhiqiza - umhlaba. Wona siqondiswe ukudla, futhi wenziwa umsebenzi wezandla yomuntu. Ezolimo emphakathini ezifana imayelana 80%. Man iphila iminyaka 40-50. izici Isici: ivaliwe zomphakathi, akukho ukuxhumana nabanye amazwe, ongaphakeme ncono kwesive.
2. Industrial, lapho ngolokuqala indawo umkhakha kanye ukunqwabelana dolobha. Umphakathi kuba elawulwa, futhi osungulwe ubudlelwane namanye amazwe, umemezela umthetho.
3. Post-zezimboni, ezithinta ukubaluleka kolwazi kanye nezinsizakalo. Ephawulekayo kwandisa izinga ezishintshayo zomsebenzi, kukhuphuke bempilo (iminyaka engu-70). The Inkampani ilawulwa, kukhona bunyenti zezombusazwe, intando yeningi nokuthuthukisa.

Njengoba singabona, multi-okufana indlela yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle (zezinkampani sesibuyekeze ngenhla) has ngaso linye okuningi. Akuwona wonke amazwe namuhla baye bathuthela uhlobo post-ezimbonini. Yini isimo asele esiteji zezimboni? Yenza uhlelo lokusebenzisa. yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle Multivariance ziyoyizwa ukuthuthukiswa ledzingekako isu eminyakeni ezayo ukuze ukuthuthela uhlobo postindustrial.