Ukunwetshwa Thermal kwezinto eziqinile futhi uketshezi

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngaphansi isenzo ukushisa izinhlayiya ukusheshisa ukuhamba kwayo okungahleliwe ezaziwayo. Uma shisisa igesi, amangqamuzana akha ke, nje fly kude nomunye. Lolu ketshezi evuthayo kwandisa kuqala ivolumu, abese eqala shabalala. Yini eyokwenzeka nge ukudla okuqinile? Akuwona wonke omunye wabo Ungashintsha isimo sabo wokuhlanganisa.

ukunwetshwa Thermal: Definition

ukunwetshwa Thermal - ushintsho ubukhulu kanye ukuma izinguquko nezinga lokushisa komzimba. Izibalo, umuntfu angakhona kubala ivolumu ukunwetshwa Coefficient, okuvumela ukubikezela ukuziphatha amagesi futhi uketshezi ekushintsheni izimo zangaphandle. Ukuze uthole imiphumela okufanayo ukudla okuqinile, kubalulekile ukuba acabangele Coefficient sokwanda komugqa. Izazi zesayensi ziye ezikhonjwe lonke kwesigaba salokhu uhlobo locwaningo walibiza ngokuthi dilatometry.

Engineers and abaklami badzinga lwati ukuziphatha izinto ezihlukahlukene ngaphansi amazinga aphakeme okushisa low yezakhiwo, kuvuleke imigwaqo kanye amapayipi.

ukunwetshwa amagesi

ukunwetshwa Thermal kuhambisana ukunwetshwa amagesi umthamo isikhala. It yaphawula zemvelo-zefilosofi zasendulo, kodwa ukwakha izibalo kwenzeke kuphela physics zanamuhla.

Okokuqala ososayensi abanesifiso ukunwetshwa emoyeni, njengoba kwakubonakala kubo umsebenzi ingenzeka. Basuke ngentshiseko wasiphakamisa icala, lapho wathola Imiphumela ngempela eziphikisa. Ngokwemvelo, umphumela onjalo onganelisekile iningi lososayensi. Ukunemba yokukala kwakuxhomeke eyasetshenziswa izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, kanye nezinye izifo eziyinkinga. Ezinye izazi zesayensi ziye woza ngisho ukukholelwa ukuthi ukunwetshwa amagesi akuxhomekile nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa. Noma lokhu kwencika ayiphelele ...

Umsebenzi we-Dalton futhi Gay-Lussac

Izazi zesayensi ziye waqhubeka phikisana ngokwabo hoshozela noma zisilahlile nesilinganiso, uma kungekhona Dzhon Dalton. Yena nomunye physics Gay-Lussac, ngesikhathi esifanayo ngayodwana bakwazi ukuthola okufanayo nesilinganiso imiphumela.

Lussac wayezama ukuthola imbangela inombolo enkulu kangaka Imiphumela ezahlukene futhi waphawula ukuthi abanye amathuluzi ngesikhathi lesi sigameko amanzi. Ngokwemvelo, ngesikhathi Ukushisa uguqulwe umusi futhi washintsha ubuningi kanye nokwakheka igesi test. Ngakho-ke, into yokuqala eyenza usosayensi - lomisha ome zonke amathuluzi, okuyinto zazisetshenziselwa ukuhlola, futhi wakulahla ngisho iphesenti sakugcina nomswakama igesi test. okuhlangenwe nakho okumbalwa okuqala ayengelona elibaluleke kakhulu ngemva zonke lezi manipulations.

Dalton eliye labhala ngale ndaba isikhathi eside kunaleso ozakwabo kanye lanyathelisa imiphumela Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX. It emoyeni omisiwe evala of sulfuric acid bese amalahle. Ngemva uchungechunge ucwaningo, uJohane weza esiphethweni sokuthi zonke amagesi and umusi unwetshiwe ezingaba ngu-0,376. Lussac Sathola inombolo 0.375. Lokhu kwakuwumphumela uphenyo olusemthethweni.

Umhwamuko ingcindezi

ukunwetshwa Thermal we amagesi kuncike kuyaqina yabo, okusho ukuthi ikhono ukubuyela ivolumu yasekuqaleni. Eyokuqala ukuhlola udaba kwaba Ziegler phakathi kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili. Kodwa imiphumela ucwaningo yakhe zihlukile kakhulu. Izibalo Ngini okuthembekile kwaba Dzheyms Uatt, esetshenziselwa lokushisa eliphezulu kubhayela Papin, futhi ongaphakeme - barometer.

Ekupheleni kwe-physics French XVIII leminyaka Prony Uzame okuzuza ifomula elilodwa kungaba ukuchaza kuyaqina gas, kodwa kwathi nzima yayixaka futhi kunzima ukusebenzisa. Dalton wanquma empirically ukuqinisekisa zonke izibalo, kusetshenziswa barometer USiphon. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izinga lokushisa zonke ucwaningo kwaba okufanayo, imiphumela yaba olunembile kakhulu. Ngakho bawashicilela uhlobo itafula incwadi physics.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukuhwamuka

ukunwetshwa Thermal amagesi (ezifana ithiyori ngokomzimba) uye washintsha ahlukahlukene. Ososayensi baye wazama ukuya izinqubo core ukuthi ukukhiqiza umusi. Nalapha futhi, sizuze se-physics esidumile Dalton. It is conjectured ukuthi noma isiphi isikhala igesi elicwile evala kungakhathaliseki ekhona kwesigubhu (zasendlini) iyiphi enye igesi noma ububi ngentukuthelo. Ngakho-ke, singaphetha ngokuthi uketshezi ngeke shabalala nje iza mbeni emoyeni ozungeze umhlaba wethu.

kukholomu umfutho womoya phezu ketshezi kwandisa isikhala phakathi kwama-athomu, edwengula wabahlukanisa futhi ahwamukayo, isb ke Akhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-umusi. Kodwa umbhangqwana-molecule Sizoqhubeka nokusebenza amandla adonsela phansi, ngakho Ososayensi babecabanga ukuthi umfutho womoya akuphazamisi ukuhwamuka uketshezi.

ukunwetshwa uketshezi

Thermal ukunwetshwa uketshezi uphenyo parallel ukunwetshwa amagesi. Ucwaningo lwesayensi bekwi-ososayensi efanayo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, basebenzisa i-thermometer aerometry, ukuxhumana izitsha kanye namanye amathuluzi.

Konke ukucwaningwa ndawonye ngamunye waphikisa imfundiso yokuziphendukela Dalton ukuthi uketshezi iyunifomu yandisa ngokulingana esigcawini lokushisa lapho sebefudumele. Yiqiniso, ubuhlobo ayanda izinga lokushisa, lo mkhulu ivolumu uketshezi, kodwa oqondile wayengekho phakathi kwazo. Futhi izinga lokwanda ngoba zonke izinto eziwuketshezi wayehlukile.

ukunwetshwa Thermal emanzini, isibonelo, uqala at zero degrees Celsius luqhubeke nge nokuncipha lokushisa. Ngaphambilini, le Imiphumela zokuhlola ezihambisana ne yokuthi amanzi uqobo akusho ukwandisa, futhi isitsha tapered, lapho itholakala. Kodwa ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, physics Deluca namanje bafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi isizathu kufanele itholwe kule ketshezi. Wanquma ukuthola lokushisa density walo omkhulu. Nokho, akazange aphumelele ukubuyisana nomkakhe ngenxa singayinaki eminye imininingwane. Rumfort, oye wacwaninga lesi simanga, wathola ukuthi ukuminyana esiphezulu amanzi ebonwe uhla 4 kuya 5 degrees Celsius.

ukunwetshwa Thermal zemizimba

Ngo ukudla okuqinile, lo mshini oyinhloko ukushintsha amplitude ukunwetshwa ngehele crystal. Ngamagama alula, ama-athomu ezakha izinto futhi isandla oluhambisana phakathi kwabo, uqale "ukuphuma".

Umthetho ezishisayo emizimbeni ukunwetshwa zavela ngale ndlela: yimuphi umzimba nge komugqa ubukhulu L enqubeni Ukushisa ku DT (delta T - umehluko phakathi lokushisa kokuqala nokokugcina) wandisa nge isamba DL (delta L - kuyinto esuselwe Coefficient komugqa ukunwetshwa ezishisayo ubude into kanye nomehluko lokushisa). Lena yi-version elula yomthetho, ngakho ngokuzenzakalela uyakucabangela ukuthi umzimba wawanda zonke iziqondiso ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kodwa umsebenti lowentiwako usebenzisa izibalo kakhulu nzima ngokwengeziwe, ngoba eqinisweni, izinto cha behave physics njengoba eyenziwe kanye mathematics.

ukunwetshwa Thermal we wesitimela

Ukuze ebeka ujantshi wesitimela idonse njalo zesayensi onjiniyela, ngoba kungaba ukubala kahle indlela ibanga kakhulu kufanele kube phakathi enhlanganisweni yebhantshi lensimbi, komzila kuya ukushisa noma ukupholisa endleleni akuyona zikhubazekile.

Njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, ezishisayo komugqa ukunwetshwa osebenzayo kuwo wonke ukudla okuqinile. Futhi komzila kwaba okufanayo. Kodwa kukhona omunye ngokuningiliziwe. Ngamasondo kwenzeka ngokukhululekile uma umzimba alithintwa osikweni ukuhilizisana. I komzila benzelwe kuya belele futhi komzila basuke eziphothene kuya eduze, ngakho umthetho, echaza ushintsho ubude, ivumela ekunqobeni izithiyo ngesimo liyasebenza futhi Butt ukumelana.

Uma wesitimela Awukwazi ukushintsha ubude balo, kanye ushintsho lokushisa it kwandisa ukucindezeleka ezishisayo, okungaba noma yokwelula noma cindezela. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kuchazwa ngumthetho kaHooke.