Ukuhwebelana kweMelika kanye nesistimu yokuhweba nge-elektroniki

Esikhathini se-US exchange stock system, iNew York Stock Exchange ilawula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, indima ehola yale nhlangano ayidala noma yimuphi umthengi emakethe yamasheya. Kunezinye izingxoxo zamaMelika ezithatha indawo yazo ohlelweni. Isibonelo, eyesibili ebaluleke kakhulu i-American Stock Exchange. Ibuye isekelwe edolobheni laseNew York. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indima evelele idlalwe yizingxenye zesifunda sase-US kanye ne-Chicago Stock Options Exchange.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuhweba ngokweqile kunendima ebalulekile emakethe yamasheya aseMelika. Kuze kube manje, isiteji esikhulu semisebenzi enjalo yi-system electronic yezokuphepha ukuhweba iNASDAQ (NASDAQ). Lokhu kushintshaniswa kwamasheya aseMelika kwaqaliswa imizamo yeNational Association of Stock Dealers. Ngaqala ukusebenza emakethe ngo-1971.

Namuhla, leli sayithi liwumholi wenani lezinkampani zaseMelika nezangaphandle, amasheya awo athengiswa emakethe yamasheya. Umthamo wokuhweba ku-NASDAQ udlula izinkomba ezihlangene zazo zonke izingxoxo ze-US ezihlangene.

Uhlelo lwe-NASDAQ

Umuntu angaphakamisa ngaphandle kokwesaba ukusho ukuthi kuze kube yimanje, noma yikuphi umuntu wezimali noma umuntu oxhunyiwe ngokomnotho owazi noma okungenani uzwile ngombono we "stock exchange". I-NASDAQ yiyona yesikhulumi esikhulu sokuhweba seMelika, ethatha indawo ehamba phambili emhlabeni isikhathi eside.

Umsunguli nomnikazi walesi shintshaniso se-stock yase-US yi-NASDAQ OMX Group. Abanolwazi abanolwazi bayazi ukuthi kunenzuzo futhi kulula ukuqhuba ukuhweba kwe-NASDAQ. Kumele kuthathwe ngendlela le nqubo engumthombo omkhulu we-elekthronikhi emhlabeni jikelele.

Ukuvela kwe-NASDAQ nezinyathelo zokuthuthukiswa

Umlando wesistimu yokuhweba kwe-electronic ye-securities uqala ngo-1971. Khona-ke, egameni le-US Congress, ucwaningo lwezimakethe ze-OTC lwaluqhutshwa. Ekuqaleni, imisebenzi yokuhweba yayiqhutshwa ngocingo oluvamile. Ngo-1987, imakethe yezezimali yawela enhlekeleleni futhi yawa. Ukuphathwa kwe-NASDAQ kuqalise ukubekwa kwe-elektroniki kwama-oda. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi i-SOES.

Ekhulwini lama-90 leminyaka eledlule, ukuhwebelana kwamanye amaMelika kwaba yingxenye ye-NASDAQ. Okokuqala kwakukhona ukuhlanganiswa ne-American Stock Exchange, futhi ngo-2007 i-Philadelphia Stock Exchange yathengwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1992, yayihlanganiswe neLondon Stock Exchange. Izinyathelo ezinjalo zavumela i-NASDAQ kule minyaka eyishumi yokuqala yaleli khulu leminyaka ukuba ithole idumela lenye yezindawo ezinhle kakhulu futhi ezinkulu kunazo zonke ze-stock exchange. Ngokwezinkomba ezifana nenzuzo ye-dollar yase-United States namasheya, le nhlangano ithathe isikhundla esiphambili emhlabeni. Namuhla, i-NASDAQ ingenye yezingxoxo ezintathu ezinhle kakhulu e-United States.

Izinzuzo nokungalungi

Ukuhwebelana kweMelika kunezinzuzo zombili kanye nezinkinga. Lokhu kusebenza futhi ohlelweni lwe-NASDAQ. Kuze kube manje, le platform yokuhweba isetshenziselwa izinkampani ezingu-3,700 nezinkampani ezivela kuwo wonke umhlaba. I-NASDAQ ingenye yezingxoxo ezithinta uketshezi oluningi kakhulu nezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokungazami. Lokhu kushintshaniswa kwamasheya aseMelika kuthuthuka, okuheha nsuku zonke izimali zabathengi abatsha kanye nemikhiqizo eyaziwayo.

Izinzuzo zohlelo lwe-NASDAQ ziheha abatshalizimali nabathengisi abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba. Isibonakaliso esiphezulu sezinsiza ezihlukumezayo, ezihlukanisa lokhu kushintshaniswa kusuka kumncintiswaneni, kuyinzuzo enkulu. Phakathi kwamaminithi we-stock exchange, umuntu angakwazi ukusakaza ukusabalala okukhulu, okungukuthi, umehluko phakathi kwentengo yokuthengisa enhle kanye nentengo yokuthenga yefa. Kodwa ingozi ibhizinisi elihle.

Ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu

Kumele kugcizelelwe ukuthi i-NASDAQ kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo yayihloselwe ukusebenza nezinkampani nezinkampani ezibandakanya ukukhiqizwa nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Futhi namuhla ukushintshana kuyaqhubeka nokusebenzisana okusebenzayo nezinhlangano ezifanayo. Emisebenzini yokuhweba ye-NASDAQ yizimpawu zokuthengisa ezidumile ezifana ne-Google Inc, i-Intel Corporation ne-Microsoft Corporation. Muva nje, ukushintshaniswa kwemali yaseMelika kanye nokugcinwa kwezimali ze-NASDAQ kwaqala ukuheha izinkampani eziningi nabantu ngabanye abavela emazweni ase-USSR wangaphambili ngamasevisi namathuba anikezwe yiyo.

Ekuphethweni

Kufanele kukhulunywe lapho kuvulwa isikhathi sama-American exchange eMoscow isikhathi. Isibonelo, i-New York Stock Exchange ivula ngo-16: 00, kanti iChicago Stock Exchange ivula ngo-17: 00, isebenza kuze ku-1: 00 no-2: 00 ngokulandelana. Isikhathi sohlelo lokuhweba nge-elektroniki uhlelo lwe-NASDAQ - kusukela ngo-17: 30 kuya phakathi kwamabili.