Lyubechesky Congress wezikhulu preconditions nemiphumela

Akekho isimo medieval European lidlule sokugcwaliseka kwaso esiteji of kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo. Endaweni ethile, yena waba unqobe angabacwasi ngokushesha (njengoba eNgilandi), futhi endaweni ethile izinhlangano zezombusazwe zazazi ezimele ngokwanele acishe zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili (njengoba kwakunjalo eJalimane nase-Italy). Hhayi lisinde kulokhu ukudalelwa futhi Rus ephakathi. Inkathi okhulisa kwamandla kwesikhulu kanye ekunqotshweni izizwe Eastern Slavic wakhala ngenkathi lokwabiwa kabusha komhlaba amaphasela phakathi abamele Nzalo umndeni kwesikhulu.

INGEMUVA Lyubecheskogo Congress

Mhlawumbe, ungumhambeli lokuqala lonyaka kufanele sithathwe njengehlelo uVladimir Svyatoslavich ukulwa nomfowabo Yaropolk. Lesi siqephu kokuphela X leminyaka kwaba nezingxoxo kuqala phakathi kwabantwana bakwa-isikhulu oshonile isihlalo sobukhosi Kiev. Khona-ke lapho kuwa Kievan Rus 'njengoba isimo esisodwa yini ukuwuyeka. Nangempela, imithetho kanye indodana Vladimira Velikogo, Prince Yaroslav Mudry. Nokho, ngemva kokufa kwakhe, engxenyeni kwekhulu XI yesibili, ngaphezulu futhi sobala ngokwengeziwe kuba inqubo nokwahlukana Kievan Rus ku fiefdoms ehlukile. Ekhuluma izizathu le nqubo kumele kwenziwe hhayi kuphela Inani lezindlalifa ezingaba, abathi esihlalweni sobukhosi, kodwa futhi izizathu kwezenhlalo noma kwezomnotho. Ngakho, imvume kanye nokukhula ubudlelwane izinduna ziye zaholela nasekuqiniseni izifunda. Ukulimela ukuziphilisa akusho neqhaza ekuthuthukiseni ukudayisa futhi uqinise noma ikuphi ukuxhumana phakathi izindawo. boyars Local ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwaba inzuzo ukulondoloza hhayi isikhulu Kiev, futhi lendawo yabo. Isici esibalulekile futhi kwaba ukukhula emadolobheni amakhulu - Chernihiv, galich, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal. Ekupheleni kuka-XI leminyaka, Russia lahlukaniswa laba fiefdoms izikhulu zendawo, bangaphezi balwa bodwa ngoba amandla, indawo negunya. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, umthelela ongemuhle zombango sebehlushwa hlanganani ekulweni nesitha ezivamile sezizwe zakwa ayimizulane of emaqeleni oLwandle Olumnyama. Umzamo wokuqala ukuba ukuxazulula le nkinga futhi aphikisana wodwa baba Lyubechesky Congress of izikhulu 1097. Igama layo isusela, eqinisweni, kusukela izindawo ukuhlangana - leli dolobha Dnieper Ljubech ukuthi yesimanje Chernihiv esifundeni.

Congress Lyubechesky wezikhulu

Senior ngesikhathi indodana oshonile e 1093, isikhulu Svyatopolk II Izyaslavovich, kwaba wehluleka ukubhekana embangweni ezikhulayo. Zonke kuthiweni esigabeni esandulele ifinyelele ngesikhathi apogee yayo. Ngesikhathi isinyathelo we onegunya ngaphezulu bese Rus Prince uVladimir Monomakh futhi yabuthelwa Lyubechesky Congress wezikhulu Russian e 1097. Injongo eyinhloko yale ukuhlangana kwaba ukucindezelwa wombango nokuchitheka kwegazi izivumelwano ezithile phakathi izikhulu. Ngenxa yalokho izingxoxo Lyubechesky Congress wezikhulu kwaholela isinqumo esibalulekile ngaleso sikhathi: "Njalo umbusi kunesithembiso zoyise yakhe". Ngakho, manje akusona omkhulu Kiev esenikezwa suzerain, eyayinecilongo ilungelo zibuswe induku yakhe abavela kuwo wonke amazwe isiRashiya, kodwa kunalokho Uvikela isimiso ukuthi zonke isikhulu izinduna unegunya eligcwele ku ubukhulu ayo futhi adlulisele ke libe yifa lenu. Lyubechesky Nezikhulu Congress ukuxazulula ukungqubuzana phakathi Nezikhulu kanjalo. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo lesi sinqumo kuye kwaholela semthethweni wukwehlukana. Lyubechesky Congress wezikhulu ngokoqobo kwaphoqa Russia engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XII ekuvumeni yokugcina ukuzimela izinduna ezifundeni.