Ukubusa eCrimea sika eRussia ngaphansi Catherine 2: Umlando

Ngo 1475 yonke ingxenye yasogwini sezintaba eCrimea ukuthi lathathwa umbuso ngokuvukela uMbuso WaseTurkey. Njengoba sazi ukuthi lonke nhlonhlo ingeyamakhosi YaseCrimea Khanate, okuyinto eyaba iminyaka emithathu ka-ezikhonza ngaphansi kwayo, kukhona linesisekelo Ukukhuluma zomlando yoLwandle Olumnyama ngokuthi "Turkish echibini yangaphakathi", okungekhona kunjalo, empeleni kuyinto elandelayo namakhulu eminyaka amathathu. Kule ndaba, ukubusa eCrimea sika eRussia ngaphansi Catherine 2 ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ophuthuma kunayo inqubomgomo Russian angaphandle kwesikhathi.

Yisimo nje isuke ibangelwa ukuphila

Ngemuva kokuwa Golden zidlamlilo eRussia nge ethile ukunemba umsebenzi kwaba ukubuyisela ukufinyelela ku Sea, obabukhona phakathi nenkathi Kievan Rus avaliwe kuso ne ukusungulwa ijoka Tatar-amaMongol. Yenza-ke kwakudingekile kuqala kunazo zonke izithakazelo kwezomnotho, njengoba ngokusebenzisa oLwandle Olumnyama babe imizila yezohwebo ebalulekile emazweni Mediterranean.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakudingeka ukuba abhubhise Krymskoe Hanstvo, ogama indawo ukuthi emakhulwini amaningana eminyaka kuphangwa okuhloswe ngazo kwaba ukuze uthwebule izigqila ukudayiswa yabo eminye eConstantinople. Ngokusho izibalo lososayensi, eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-300 ngaphambili ukubusa eCrimea eRussia ngaphansi Catherine 2, ezimakethe inceku Turkey wathumela abantu okungenani 3 million.

Imizamo yokuqala ukuxazulula izinkinga YaseCrimea

Imizamo inkositini eCrimea wenza ngokuphindaphindiwe. Engingakusho nje kokukhumbula umkhankaso kaPetru I 1696-1698 biennium. nakuba eyaphumela ukuthunjwa inqaba Azov, kodwa wanquma lonke nezindaba Black Sea. Ngesikhathi sokubusa Anny Ioannovny amasosha Russian kabili victoriously langena enhlonhlweni: ngo-1735 ngaphansi umyalo B. H. Miniha, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emine ─ Field Marshal P. P. Lassi. Nokho, kokubili izikhathi baphoqeleka ukuba ashona ngenxa yokuntuleka ukunikezela kubhubhane Kwagqashuka kwababusi amabutho.

A ithuba sangempela ukuze afeze ekuthatheni eCrimea ubonakalisiwe kanye kuphela isigamu kwekhulu XVIII wesibili, i-New Russia kwamiswa, ezazihlanganisa izindawo enkulu yeNyakatho Black Sea, lebhalwe Russia phakathi nezimpi Russian-Turkish. Kukholakala ukuthi kusukela eqale umlando we nokudliwa eCrimea eRussia kuCatherine 2. Ukusebenzisa okusha Russia ukuze zithuthukisa kwentuthuko okwengeziwe, jikelele-in-Chief Army VM Dolgoruky e 1771, uye wakwazi ukuba aphule ukungawi abavikeli eCrimea futhi ukuhlanganisa phakathi kwemingcele yayo.

Independent Krymskoe Hanstvo

Nokho, wadla eCrimea eRussia ngaphansi Catherine 2, kafushane kuchaziwe ngezansi, kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe esinye isinyathelo esibalulekile kakhulu, okwakubekelwa nje isuke ibangelwa isidingo eziningi izimo kwezombangazwe nakwezempi isikhathi. Umphumela ekunqobeni izingalo Russian empini nge Turkey esayinwe 1772 Karasubazarskogo inkontileka, imemezela i Khanate ezimele eCrimea, ingaphansi ukusekelwa Russia.

Kwaphela iminyaka emibili empini Russian-Turkish kwaphawula ukuphela umthetho WaseTurkey e enhlonhlweni futhi ivulekile Russia ukufinyelela eside elindelwe kuya oLwandle Olumnyama. Noma kunjalo, impumelelo babeyidlanzana nje isigamu-ngesilinganiso futhi ayikwazi kubhekwe njengento isinqumo esiwujuqu mayelana nodaba eCrimea.

I kwezombusazwe nakwezempi ezingqubuzana Turkey

Njengoba singabona kusukela eyalandela Catherine 2, sikwazile ukufeza ekubusweni YaseCrimea Khanate uMbuso WaseTurkey, akabushiyanga umcabango wokuphinde ukubusa kwakhe ezintweni zakhe. Lokhu ihlangabezana izithakazelo Russia, ngoba enhlonhlweni njengolubalulekile ezibalulekile kwezomnotho nakwezempi nezombangazwe ezizosiza izwe lonke. Nokho, Turkey wayenesithakazelo kakhulu ekubuyiselweni ukubusa kwabo eCrimea. Bobabili amaqembu alwayo baye benza imizamo emikhulu ukuze okufinyelela imigomo efiselekayo, futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu zivela ngalesikhathi umzabalazo phakathi koMbuso WaseTurkey neRussia ngaleso sikhathi aluzange luntengantenge.

Ngo-November 1776 emzimbeni uLieutenant jikelele A. A. Prozorovskogo ngokufaka eCrimea, wathatha isikhundla ukuzivikela ngesikhathi Perekop. Ukuze amsize kusuka eMoscow ngokuxhamazela efika Division ngaphansi A. umyalo V Suvorova. imizamo Joint yakwazi zephule ukumelana amabutho YaseCrimea Khan Giray Davlet futhi ukumphoqa ukuba aphephele Bakhchisarai, bese abalekele iConstantinople. Esikhundleni sakhe wakhethwa njengosuku umbusi omusha Shahin Giray, owaba owokugcina emlandweni YaseCrimea Khan.

Tatar khan, nokucabanga European

Ukhetho lo muntu lula nokudliwa eCrimea eRussia ngokuyinhloko Catherine 2. Ngokungafani amandulela, wayeyindoda endleleni European kakhulu ukucabanga. Ngemva kokuqeqeshwa e Venice, nase-Thessaloniki, izilimi Shahin Giray eziningana ezivela kwamanye amazwe, imithetho Awuboshezelwe ngaphakathi amasiko lwesiTatar.

Nokho, imizamo uguqule uhlelo lempi, zokuphatha kanye nomnotho Khanate ngendlela European kwaholela ekubeni Ukunganeliseki bendawo nokuvukela ezivulekileyo ezingenaso wakwazi ukucindezela kuphela ngosizo ashaya Russian. Iqhaza juqu ekuxazululeni ingxabano kudlalwa aphoyintimenti esikhundleni sokuba induna wonke amaviyo Crimean A. V Suvorova.

abavela kwamanye amazwe Crimean

Kwehlukanisa yonke insimu, inhlonhlo ye-4 izifunda indawo futhi ibekwe ku izinqaba ethumba amakhanda eside, yena wakhunyulwa kokubili abaseTurkey nabasekeli babo kusukela izikhulu zendawo amathuba zokugcina ukuthonya ukuphila kwangaphakathi eCrimea. Kwakuyisikhathi isinyathelo esibalulekile ekufezeni nokudliwa eCrimea eRussia ngaphansi Catherine 2.

Eyokuqala naphakathi kwabakhileyo enhlonhlweni ngaphansi intonga iNdlovukazi Russia wathutha futhi zayiswa izindawo ezintsha abameleli bayo sabantu Christian ─ Georgians, Armenia namaGreki. Bakhandwa eyanikelwa ukuthelekela izwe ekuqaleni umlomo iDanube futhi ogwini loLwandle Azov. Phakathi entwasahlobo nasehlobo 1778 owawuvela eCrimea waya 31 eziyinkulungwane. Indoda, okwabangela yigalelo elinzima lelo engcebweni khan, ngoba laba bantu bayingxenye kakhulu kwezomnotho sabantu.

Umbiko Prince A. Potomkina

Ngo-1781, abaseTurkey bemthukuthelisile omunye kuvukela bendawo, oda Angenelisekile, owethulwa Shahin Giray, futhi kwadingeka uyayidambisa lezi zihlubuki ukuba amasosha Russian, kulokhu iphansi kwesandla sika-yakhe Serene Highness Prince A. Potomkina.

Embikweni wakhe neNkosi, wabhala ukuthi, ngokwendlela ababecabanga zakhe, iningi bendawo libhekisela nobutha kakhulu Shahin Giray futhi ungathanda ukuba ngaphansi protectorate Russian. Ngokungangabazeki, lokhu okwashiwo yile ndoda Potemkin odlale indima nokudliwa eCrimea eRussia ngaphansi Catherine 2.

Isivumelwano, wanquma isiphetho eCrimea

Ukuba sezombusazwe kude kakhulu-sekuqhamuke, A. Potomkin isidingo sokuba iinthombe eCrimea uMbuso isiRashiya, ngenye indlela insimu yalo wayesengaba zithuthukisa esilungele aggressions oseza ingxenye yoMbuso WaseTurkey. Kwakubuye kube ngempela sobala Inani kwezomnotho yamazwe evundile umnotho YaseCrimea kubo bonke Northern Black Sea. Futhi ekugcineni, bekuyoba usuqede ukunwetshwa eningizimu yeRussia waze wafika emingceleni yawo engokwemvelo. Serene Highness Prince wakhe umbono evezwe imininingwane ku-Memorandum wathumela kubo ngo-December 1782 kuKesari.

Ngemva kokuhlaziya imibhalo wathola, iNdlovukazi ephendula naye asinikwa amandla eyithandayo ezibanzi ukuze utakwetfula kuqondakale futhi evunyiwe project yakhe. Ngakho, wadla eCrimea eRussia ngaphansi Catherine 2 (ngonyaka 1783), indima ebalulekile kungokwalabo Prince Grigoriyu Aleksandrovichu Potomkinu, ngoba yena unikwe isihloko Tauride (Tavriya ─ yigama lasendulo eCrimea).

Ukulungiselela zezenzakalo ezingokomlando

Usuku nokudliwa eCrimea eRussia kuCatherine 2 kufanele sithathwe njengehlelo 8 (19) ngo-Ephreli 1783, lapho autocrat elihambisana Manifesto sasayinwa. Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi, ibiyalela ukuyigcina imfihlo nje ushintsho kule nhlonhlo nazo zonke izakhamizi zalo ngaphansi intonga Russian ngeke abe umcimbi ngempela.

Ngalesi sikhathi empilweni zombusazwe YaseCrimea Khanate sashintsha ngokuphawulekayo. Ngakho liyabazonda abantu Sahin Giray waphoqeleka ukuba ayeke umbusi ophakeme, futhi indawo yakhe yayingenamuntu. Lokhu kwasiza Potemkin ngokusebenzisa ejenti yabo ukukholisa iqembu elibusayo we Khanate yezinzuzo ushintsho ngaphansi protectorate yeRussia.

Ngemva kokusho lokhu, izinyathelo esiphuthumayo ilungiselelo-ntshonalanga ye semikhumbi nhlonhlo lwenziwe ukuze kuhlaliswe imikhumbi esizayo Black Sea Fleet. Ngemva konyaka, kukhona idolobha inqaba Yakhiwa, ngokuthi ngomyalo wabaholi iNdlovukazi Sevastopol.

Isifungo sokwethembeka Russia

Ekugcineni, ngo-June 28 (July 9), e 1783 i-Manifesto eliphakeme senziwa umphakathi. Ngakho okokuqala (nge Catherine 2) ukubusa eCrimea sika eRussia kwaba accompli fait. Izenzakalo kulesi sikhathi samanje, lapho le ndawo vvtorichno wadlulela Russian Federation, abaningi abawazi, ngakho ngicabanga ngawo, thina ngeke. Njengoba isikhathi, ngosuku Serene Highness Prince Potemkin, ukuma phezu kwewa Ak-Kaya, wathatha isifungo kusukela izifundo entsha wakhe Imperial soMkhulu. Eyokuqala wafunga ichopho umphakathi wendawo nalabo abefundisi, nangasemva kwabo kakade - konke abavamile. Kuze kube manje izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali zomlando idokhumenti ─ Manifesto ku ukubusa eCrimea eRussia ngaphansi uCatherine izithombe 2 zazo okusesihlokweni esithi.