OMongameli Ukraine ukuze. Umengameli wokuqala Ukraine. umongameli omusha wase-Ukraine

8 Disemba 1991 esiyokhunjulwa emhlabeni wonke ngoba umhlangano Bialowieza Ihlathi eBelarus, lapho Isivumelwano esasayinwa ku ekhishwa kuma-republic ezintathu lenqaba eU.SSR ukudalwa Commonwealth of Independent States. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi liqala ushintsho asebenzayo geopolitical, okuyinto esidabukisayo ngempela ukuba sizindle wonke amalungu lawo kuze kube namuhla. Ake sibheke ukuthi yiziphi abongameli Ukraine. Ngendlela ayemahlanu, kodwa ezinye zazo ozama ukuphikisa ukuthi, ngakho udinga baphenye lolu daba.

Mhlawumbe kufanele kuqale umuntu futhi ngokuqondile yasayina isivumelwano ku secession base-USSR. On the yingxenye ye-Ukraine, kwaba leonid Kravchuk, kodwa sizobe buya, kodwa okwamanje, ukuze singathwesi banyakamisa kwezikhathi izenzakalo, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele umuntu ezifana Mihail Grushevsky. Umengameli wokuqala Ukraine unendima ebaluleke kakhulu futhi kwadingeka ukuba babhekane nezinkinga eziningi. Bona zethiwa leonid Kravchuk, futhi Hrushevsky bakhonza yinhloko Central Council. Ngo parlance zanamuhla, wayengumuntu isikhulumi, ngoba izikhundla ezifana umongameli, namanje wayengekho. It is ezishiwo Isilobo sesisekelo sombuso, okuyinto sivunyiwe omaphakathi Rada Apreli 29, 1918. Noma kunjalo, umuntu Ukraine kuyaphawuleka ngempela - ngisho 50 hryvnia Ukraine sikhombisa isithombe sakhe. Phakathi inguquko, usosayensi futhi mlando wema ngasemnyango "oshayelayo" igunya ngokuxhamazela esungulwe, eqinisweni, ngendlela efanayo wadingiswa amaFulentshi (esebenzisa Revolution). Empeleni, e-Ukraine le ndlela kwamandla ushintsho zithandwa kuze kube yilolu suku, cishe yonke abongameli Ukraine ngokulandelana kwashintshwa ngaleyo ndlela.

usuku ukuzimela

Verkhovna Rada Ukraine SSR ngo-1991 August 24 zasebenzisa le ndlela isenzo, lapho-Ukraine uthi ukuzimela. Ekuqaleni, le Independence Day Ukraine yamemezela engu-16 Julayi (kodwa Ngonyaka olandelayo, ngo-1992, kwanqunywa ukuba lushintshe lube 24 Agasti). Ngokushesha ngemva uzibuse ngo inhlolovo wanikwa ezingaphezu kuka-90% azo zonke amavoti cast. Kakade Disemba 1, 1991 geqe labetibambile oqondile ukhetho lwayo lokuqala kamongameli e-Ukraine, lapho leonid Makarovich Kravchuk lathola kuka 61% wamavoti.

Kravchuk udumo nje njengoba wagxeka. ukuhlolwa Negative ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuthi nokuthi lalihloselwe izinqumo ezisheshayo, ngokushesha "kwenqatshwa" Russia kanye ubuncane ubudlelwane, kokubili kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe. Kodwa sibonga ikhono lakhe lokukwazi ukuwuqondisa phakathi amabutho zezombusazwe aphikisanayo, wakwazi ukugcina eCrimea esikhathini esizayo njengoba i-republic ezizimele, nje yingxenye ye-Ukraine. Esakhuluma umongameli wokuqala we-Ukraine Kravchuk, wazama ukwenza konke Ukraine ithola uzibuse walo ngokuthula, ngaphandle kwegazi.

Indlela umongameli wokuqala: wokuvulwa

Kravchuk kwakungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi zobuqili unamakhono sezombusazwe umongameli, esakhula Leonida Makarovicha emsebenzini party ayenzima. Wasebenzisa bakhumbula lokhu ngezingane 50 amagremu halva, eyanikelwa unina ngosuku lwakhe lokuzalwa noma skates esikhashana lokhuni. Okulandelayo wahlala ehostela nyuvesi nge 12 guys, kodwa bonke ubunzima abantu abasale ngempumelelo ngemuva iziqu futhi zayiswa Chernivtsi lwezezimali Technical School ukufundisa umnotho 1958. Nge wonke umsebenzi iqembu liye sesingcono kakhulu, futhi bahlala 1991 - kalula.

Umengameli wokuqala Ukraine iba esisemthethweni kuphela ngemva wokuvulwa. Ukuze leonid Kravchuk nethimba lakhe, lokhu kwaba umsebenzi obalulekile, njengoba kwenzeka okokuqala. Ngokwemvelo, kwakudingekile ukuba enze isifungo seMtsetfosisekelo sikhathi, kodwa ndawonye, kwahlongozwa ukunikeza isifungo futhi Peresopnytsia Gospel, njengoba kwakunjalo ngaleso sikhathi shrine eminingi yasendulo ye-Ukraine. Ngenxa yokuthi ngesikhathi liculo lesive wayengakafiki esungulwe, ikhwaya wamenywa, abenza "uNkulunkulu omkhulu, ibumbane, sigcina-Ukraine." Ngakho esemthethweni ingxenye yayisiphelile, umongameli wokuqala we-Ukraine ngokusemthethweni, kusho uMazibuko.

Eyesibili umongameli

IHhovisi likaMengameli Leonida Makarovicha eyathatha isikhathi esifushane, futhi ngo-July 1994 ngo round yesibili, abachithanga sikhathi samanje UNdunankulu Leonidu Danilovichu Kuchme. Inkulumo ethi "ukuthi ube ngalutho, futhi walahlekelwa - sithi" kungenziwa ngokugcwele isibaluli i-akhawunti yesibili ku ikhandidethi kamongameli. Uhlu impumelelo yakhe inkulu ngokwanele ukuba abantu base-Ukraine bangaziqhayisa ngokugcwele futhi ngomqondo truest izwi "ntokazi" kuso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kanye nohlu ukwehluleka kwakhe ngokuthi "Ngetulu kwaloko, kusondzela njengenhlangano eyesore", ngakho kukhona abaphikisi izinqubomgomo zakhe.

Izimpumelelo kanye Ukuhluleka

Phakathi kweminyaka eyishumi sokubusa kwakhe inhloko yezwe (phakathi lena inkathi ende kunazo zonke) UMongameli Kuchma ayikwazanga ukuvimbela 'osangene' kwamandla emali, kusukela ngemva kokuwa zase-USSR, Ukraine ubekade imbobo kwezomnotho ijulile kakhulu. UMongameli kwaba kwangigcina mbamba letimayelana nalesihloko umnotho emakethe yesimanje emhlabeni ubudlelwane Ukrainian emhlabeni. Ngokusebenzisa ngaphandle kwekuhlela kabusha yakhe izwe ayizange wehlela phansi umnotho.

Ngo-1996, uhlobo lwemali unomphela oqine lwaqala, owawungumnyaka igama hryvnia. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, futhi kwaqinisa umnotho wezwe. Kuchma akazange ukufihla iqiniso lokuthi elibangise EU, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, wayeyindoda ekujaheni abangakwenza ukuze baphule ubuhlobo obuseduze Russia, kuqinisekiswa izivumelwano eziningi. Kubo kuno-okubizwa ngokuthi Big Treaty, okuyinto kuvunyelwene ngokuthi nokubambisana phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili eziningi izimboni eziqavile nezindawo ukuthi ngokuyinhloko bazuza Ukraine uqobo, okwenza kube umdlali agcwele enkundleni yomhlaba.

Kodwa zikhona ezinye Kuchma nokuziphatha "bengafaneleki", abanye unproven, nalezo kungase kutholakale, elula "obugcwele phezulu". Phakathi kwabo kungenzeka itjheje ukuze babulalane engadingeki intatheli Kuchma Georgiy Gongadze, ukuthi "bemba ngaphansi kwaso," bafaka lomatima ukungcola umxhwele, okungase kubangele izinkinga ezingathi sína umongameli owayebusa. On leli cala hhayi Kuchma ziphelile, futhi ngo-2004 abantu thukuthele, njengoba lesi sitshalo "Krivorozhstal" wathengiswa umkhwenyana wakhe - Viktor Pinchuk. Ngezikhathi Kuchma baba nokukhohlakala okwakudlangile futhi oligarchy. Khona - namanje eziningi amacala obugebengu ngokukhwabanisa imali yomphakathi futhi wazama ukushintsha umthethosisekelo ukuhlala ihlandla lesithathu. Kodwa lutho saba ke, ekugcineni - olandelayo ngokhetho, lapho uViktor Yanukovych iwine.

UViktor Yanukovych kanye Orange Revolution

Esikhathini ngokhetho ka 2004 uwina owayezoba umongameli Ukraine Yanukovich. Futhi konke kuhle, kuphela kwaba inhlangano umkhankaso mass imibhikisho esenzeka enhlokodolobha Ukraine, Kiev, on Independence Square. Revolution, kamuva elika "orange", kwakuhlelwa Abasekeli Viktor Yushchenko, ngenxa isimemezelo Central Electoral Commission of imiphumela, lapho yokunqoba uViktor Yanukovych. Basolwa kakhulu ayehlukile kuzo idatha eksit-poll futhi wakhonza podovdom zesinqumo kabusha ubambe emzuliswaneni wesibili, okuyinto isikhathi elika "ngxenye yesithathu". Kuyinto ephawulekayo ukuthi lo mshumayeli revolution wakhonza njengephayona kokubheduka obengeziwe efanayo umbala linemibhikisho e Georgia, Turkey, futhi manje China. Ngakho, lo mdlalo wesithathu wabonisa ukuthi beat Viktor Yushchenko, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi siyakuhalalisela ngokuqokwa kwakhe njengoba kaMengameli uViktor Yanukovych uye waqala kakade ukuthatha phezu kwamakhanda uthi ezifana Russia nase Belarus.

Ngakho, uma amanye amazwe akude Western ayengenandaba Ukraine futhi babengazazi ngisho lapho leli lizwe, emva kwempi, waba emhlabeni odumile. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngo-January 23, 2005 Victor Yushchenko athatha isifungo Peresopnytsia Gospel kanye noMthethosisekelo we-Ukraine, kanye zonke abongameli Ukraine (ku-oda wayengumuntu wesithathu). Ngemva kwalokho, waya isikwele wanikeza inkulumo wokunqoba.

IBhodi Victor Yushchenko

Phakathi nesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe Viktor Yuschenko wazibonakalisa umsekeli rapprochement ne-United States, NATO kanye EU. Phakathi likaMengameli sakhe sasiyisabelo ikhefu enamandla kakhulu zonke izibopho Russia: okomoya, ezombusazwe, ezomnotho. Wayefuna ukukhokha isikweleti egesi isiRashiya, ukuze ukuqhuba ingxoxo nge isikhundla umnikazi yoLwandle Olumnyama sihlale kuwo Sea Fleet we Russian Federation.

UMongameli Yushchenko, ukufinyelela iposi ka inhloko yezwe nokuthola amandla egcwele, kuyilapho namanje ngaphansi kwesasa Orange Revolution, ngokushesha susa okuthunyelwe kwabo bonke abantu kusukela uhulumeni wangaphambili futhi esikhundleni sawo labo wathutha naye. UNdunankulu Yulia Tymoshenko uthole i ukuze ancibilikise ephalamende. Lokhu kwenziwa ngo Yushchenko sokulungiselela esihlalweni yasephalamende amadoda akhe. Ngalesi sikhathi, kukhona uqhekeko kuleli "orange sokusebenzisana". Inhlekelele yezombangazwe lukhula scandal nge "Gazprom" kule ngemuva. Ngakho, umongameli alinaso isikhathi ukubhekana lenkinga enkulu yezwe, futhi okwamanje ukuphikiswa uViktor Yanukovych ( "Party of Izifunda") futhi Petro Symonenko ( "iCommunist Party of Ukraine"), kanye Yulia Tymoshenko ( "wobaba") zidinga kuthathelwe izinyathelo uMengameli Jacob Zuma.

Yulia Tymoshenko nethimba lakhe baqala "untwist" izinhlelo ezisolisayo Yushchenko waziwa impela eningi amaqiniso ethakazelisayo yokunikeza esiningi izimali zomphakathi ngokusebenzisa azimele kanye igobolondo izinkampani, isibonelo salokhu - ". Rosukrenergo" Phakathi likaMengameli yakhe Yushchenko ephethwe ukusabalalisa lenqwaba imiklomelo kanye oda sokunconywa ezingabazisayo cishe zonke izihlobo zabo.

Ngemva kwesikhashana kuba sobala ukuthi okushiwo kuthathelwe izinyathelo uMengameli akasiye, njengoba isilinganiso salo ngempela ongaphakeme (naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wayenethemba lokuthi ukusebenzisa ukuba athathe ihlandla lesibili), ngenxa yokuthi akakude ukhetho, okuyinto kakade evezwe Yulia Tymoshenko futhi owayephikisana naye main - uViktor Yanukovych.

ukubuya

Ngo-2010, okhethweni oluzayo kamongameli cishe akungabazeki ukuthi uMongameli omusha Ukrainian kuyoba Viktor Fedorovich Yanukovich. Ukhetho yayiqhutshelwa nasezindaweni imizuliswano emibili. Njengoba kulindelekile, abaholi bavumelana "Party of Izifunda" futhi "wobaba". Ngakho, ngo-February 14 ngemva ukubalwa kwamavoti, kwaba sobala ukuthi ukunqoba uViktor Yanukovych. Phakathi kunikezelwa umongameli kwadingeka Ezimweni ezimbalwa ezithakazelisayo ukuthi zehlulekile ukuba ubalekele ukunakwa izintatheli kanye nezitha Yanukovych. Inqobo nje owayezoba umongameli Ukraine Yanukovych wayelungiselela kokugcotshwa kwakhe, izinsuku ezimbili ngaphambi etsheni lesikhumbuzo ukuze abasunguli Kiev ngenxa ukugqwala we metal awa eHorebe izibalo kanye Isihlathi (Kyi, Isihlathi, eHorebe - Abasunguli Kiev). Abanye Kulokhu bakwazi ukuhlanganisa uxhumano nomsebenzisi kwezinga ukwamukelwa ayezosenza maduze sokuthi isikhundla Verkhovna Rada. Kodwa umcimbi fun hhayi kuphela. Ngesikhathi lapho owayezoba umongameli wangena esakhiweni iPhalamende, phambi kwakhe ngokuzuma waqala uvale umnyango.

wathembisa ukufeza

Njengazo zonke omongameli langaphambilini, ibhodi Yanukovych owaqala ngokuvukela ukudalwa abantu mpo emhlabeni umongameli. Wabiza abaphikisi bakhe "bangcwabe lwako" ngoba umsebenzi wokudala. Yaqala kanjalo ushushiso zezombusazwe zalo Yulia Tymoshenko futhi Yuriy Lutsenko, kamuva yicala futhi wagwetshwa isikhathi eside ejele ngenxa ezihlukahlukene izihloko. Ngokwemvelo, uViktor Yanukovych wakhuthaza bonke ukuthi inhloso zezombusazwe kuleli, kodwa ukholelwe kule mfundiso ayiqondakali.

Ngokuphathelene uMongameli Yanukovych ke singeke sisho ukuthi phakathi nokubusa kwakhe kungazange kufinyelele neminye imiphumela. Inkinga kwakuwukuthi kwakulinganiselwe, ngokungafani bonke omongameli langaphambilini, ayenakho enkambweni ethile akuyona nokuqinisa isibopho ne West, futhi on ukuthuthukisa ubudlelwane ne Russia, engesiyo ikakhulukazi bathandile inqubomgomo "pro-European". Ngenxa yalokho, olandelayo wokhetho lobumengameli e-Ukraine zenzeke isizinda inguquko entsha.

futhi revolution

Kakade ekupheleni 2013 - ukuqala 2014 sithola revolution European noma "isithunzi yokuvukela", lapho ubudala kanye nabaholi entsha "Maidan" wanquma hlanganani ukuze usebenzise inguquko ukushintsha uhulumeni. Sinenkosi kuvela - futhi ngenxa Yanukovych obalekela zwe. Esimeni semakhaya empini iqala ukulungiselela okhethweni oluzayo, futhi kakade kukhona amahemuhemu ukuthi Poroshenko - UMengameli wase-Ukraine.

Petro Poroshenko

Cishe akekho abe nokuzaza bonyana omunye wabaholi elisebenzayo "Maidan" kuyoba umengameli. Kepha Petro Poroshenko, akwaziwa ngabaningi kwezombangazwe, kodwa okuningi njengoba nje nosomabhizinisi, umnikazi wenkampani confectionery owaziwa kukaRoshen. Cishe bonke, kuphela oPetru Poroshenko, babe ukhetho lobuchwepheshe likaMengameli we-Ukraine. Lolu hlu lwalubhalwe zahlukahlukene kakhulu. I abafundela likaMengameli methyl ngisho Darth Vader - ozobhapathizwa se- "Internet Party Ukraine", kodwa lahoxiswa ngomzuzu wokugcina. I ukuvota akazange iqhaza eCrimea, njengoba ngesikhathi izakhamuzi zalo ezathi inhlolovo ukuze ujoyine WaseRussia, futhi-ke, izifunda empumalanga ye-Ukraine - IDonetsk and Luhansk esifundeni - ngenxa okuqhubekayo ezempi kulezi zindawo. Kunikezelwa uMongameli Ukraine Poroshenko, efana Yanukovych, akulona ngaphandle izikhathi zalo ezithakazelisayo. Nakuba Poroshenko uhamba phansi ukhaphethi obomvu Verkhovna Rada, elinye lamasosha yabalindi udumo, ngokusobala, efika ukushisa unhlangothi, okuyinto kungani wawisa esandleni sakhe isibhamu futhi cishe waquleka. Kulokhu, owayezoba umongameli ngadlula sengathi eqaphela.

Khuluma mayelana ezimweni ezithile namanje zakuqala kakhulu, ngoba empeleni ngesikhathi sempi empumalanga ye-Ukraine, kunzima kakhulu ukunikeza ukuhlolwa ezanele Poroshenko. UMongameli wase-Ukraine, njengenjwayelo, uthi yengcebo ziphangwe, kufanele iphendukele izinyathelo engathandwa ukuze abheke ikusasa eliqhakazile ngesibindi.

Bonke labo babe abongameli Ukraine ukuze kusukela kuqala kuze kwedlulele (amashwa ukusho "wokugcina ngci"). Ungakwazi bakholelwa ngobuqotho kuphela yokuthi kule Saga kamongameli e-Ukraine, endaweni esifushane uma kuqhathaniswa ukuzimela ephethwe ukusinda linemibhikisho ezimbalwa, futhi njengoba abaningi ezinhlanu omongameli kuzophela, futhi izwe uzothola umholi oqinile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi Yiqiniso ngeke banamathele umongameli omusha we-Ukraine, eWestern noma isiRashiya, kubalulekile kuphela abahlali sizizwe sivikelekile futhi silondekile, ukuze impesheni impesheni angizisoli, futhi abavamile - iholo. Kodwa ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu, kumelwe senze wonke umzamo, futhi nakuba okuningi kuncike ubuntu umongameli, ungakhohlwa ngabantu nabasizi bakhe, nakho kufanele sibe nesithakazelo hhayi kuphela yabo inhlalakahle, kodwa futhi inhlalakahle yabantu bakhe. Lokhu kukhona umgomo eyisisekelo iyiphi sezombusazwe self-ukuhlonipha, ingasaphathwa umongameli iyizwe elizimele.