Bone indoda. Anatomy: ithambo lomuntu. skeleton Human enegama wethambo

Kuyini ukubunjwa ithambo lomuntu unegama yawo ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene ze-skeleton kanye neminye imininingwane uzofunda kusukela izinto ezihambisana lesi sihloko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizokutshela mayelana nokuthi bakuphatha kanjani kuthiwa kuhlobene nalokho umsebenzi wenziwa.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

isitho Kwethulwa zomzimba womuntu yakhiwa kwezicubu eziningana. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ngale kwalokhu ithambo. Ngakho, ake sicabangele ndawonye ukubunjwa amathambo abantu kanye nezimpahla zabo ezingokwenyama.

Bone izicubu yakhiwa amakhemikhali ezimbili eziyisisekelo: Organic (ossein) - mayelana 1/3 futhi wezinto ezingaphili (calcium, phosphate lime) - 2/3. Uma unomzimba onjalo ukuze adalule isixazululo acid (isib nitric, hydrochloric, njll)., I nosawoti lime chaza ngokushesha, futhi ukuhlala ossein. Yena uzobuyisa ukuma ithambo. Nokho, liyoba zazivuma kakhudlwana futhi ezithambile.

Uma amathambo ashise kahle, izinto eziphilayo kuvuthe futhi ephambene wezinto ezingaphili, ukuhlala. Bayoba silondoloze ukuma lwamathambo kanye ubulukhuni bayo. Nakuba lokhu ithambo lomuntu (isithombe okwethulwa kulesi sihloko) kuyoba zintekenteke kakhulu. Ososayensi baye babonisa ukuthi kuyaqina komzimba kuncike ossein ezikuyo, futhi nobulukhuni futhi kuyaqina - kusukela nosawoti wamaminerali.

Izici amathambo abantu

Inhlanganisela izinto zokwakha eziphilayo futhi wezinto ezingaphili ka ithambo lomuntu owenza sinamandla ngokungajwayelekile futhi bakwazi ukubhekana nokuhlupheka. Lena ngempela ekholekayo izinguquko ezihlobene nokukhula. Phela, izingane ezincane ossein okuningi kunabantu abadala. Kule ndaba, nenyama yabo emathanjeni abo zihlukaniswa a nezimo kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho kakhulu akuvamile ziwohloke. Njengoba abantu abadala, banayo isilinganiso izinto wezinto ezingaphili futhi organic kuyahlukahluka esivuna wangaphambili. Yingakho lo mlisa osekhulile ithambo iba ziyaqothuka nokuncane nokunwebeka. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona okuningi waphuka ubudala ngisho nge ukulimala okuncane.

Anatomy of amathambo abantu

Bezakhiwe iyunithi umzimba, olubonakala at ongaphakeme kokukhulisa isibonakhulu noma khulu, kuyinto osteon. Lolu hlobo uhlelo bony amapuleti elise concentrically emhlabeni isiteshi emaphakathi lapho izinzwa futhi imithambo yegazi.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi osteons akuzona eduze komunye nomunye eduze. zikhona izikhala phakathi kwawo, zazo zigcwele ithambo lamellae interstitial. Kulokhu, osteons kungukuthi abekwa ngokungalandelani. Bona ukuwugcina ngokuphelele, okuyinto umthwalo sokusebenza. Ngakho, e-amathambo eside osteons parallel dlinniku thambo cancellous - perpendicular eksisi eqonde ngqo phezulu. Futhi kule flat (isib Yekhanda) - kukhona osabalalayo noma parallel ubuso bayo.

Yikuphi zogqinsi amathambo womuntu?

Osteons kanye amapuleti interstitial yakha isendlalelo main maphakathi ithambo. Ngaphakathi kuyahlanganiswa ngokuphelele isendlalelo elingaphakathi amathambo amapuleti, futhi ngaphandle - ngaphandle. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi yonke ungqimba lokugcina lwangena ngu imithambo yegazi, okuyinto ukusebenzisa kusukela periosteum ngemigudu ekhethekile. Phela, lo osteons aqukethe futhi emikhulu izakhi skeleton ababonakalayo ngokubona okubonakala ngeso lenyama ku radiograph noma cut.

Ngakho, ake sibheke Izakhiwo ithambo izingqimba:

• Isendlalelo lokuqala - ithambo eqinile.
• Esesibili - coupling, ehlanganisa ngaphandle ithambo.
• ungqimba Okwesithathu - kuyinto okuxekethile ezicutshini ukuthi ukhonza njengelungu uhlobo "izingubo" ngoba imithambo yegazi ukuthi Site ithambo.
• Okwesine - kuyinto uqwanga esehlanganise imikhawulo amathambo. Lapha kulapho lezi zindikimba ukwandisa ukukhula kwabo.
• Isendlalelo yesihlanu yakhiwa kwalapho kuhlangana khona imizwa. Uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka lokhu isici zinikwa isignali yasekuqaleni receptor ingqondo.

ithambo lomuntu noma kunalokho yonke indawo yayo ingaphakathi ligcwele umnkantsha (obomvu kanye yellow). Red ngqo ahlobene ethanjeni kwetinhlavu kanye hematopoiesis. Njengoba kwaziwa kahle ukuthi yayiyingxenye yazo ngokuphelele nemithambo yegazi nezinzwa abazondla yena kuphela, kodwa zonke izingqimba engaphakathi komzimba emelelwa. Yellow umnkantsha ikhuthaza ukukhula lwamathambo kanye nokuqinisa yayo.

Yiziphi bobunjwa amathambo?

Njengoba kungaba, kuye ngokuthi indawo kanye umsebenzi:

• Long noma ijabulise. Lezi zici babe cylindrical ingxenye phakathi kokuba umgodi ngaphakathi kanye imikhawulo ezimbili ebanzi lapho embozwe ungqimba obukhulu uqwanga (isib womuntu umlenze bone).
• Wide. It amathambo pectoral okhalo ugebhezi.
• Dlala. Lezi zici kuhluke amafomu okungajwayelekile, yehlukene kaningi okubalwa futhi oyindilinga (isib, isihlakala amathambo, amathambo, nokunye.).

exhunywe kanjani?

skeleton Yabantu (okuthiwa ithambo sathola ngezansi) simele sebuningini izikhwebu ngabanye, ezixhunywe nomunye. Noma ukuthi oda data izinto kuncike imisebenzi yabo oqondile. Hlukanisa uxhumano discontinuous futhi esiqhubekayo ngamathambo abantu. Ake sixoxe ngazo ngokuningiliziwe.

kwakwakhe okuqhubekayo. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• Fibroids. Amathambo emzimbeni womuntu kuthiwa kuhlobene esebenzisa obukhulu zezinzwa izicubu ulwelwesi.
• Bone (ie ithambo welapha ngokuphelele).
• Uqwanga (akwazi ukugcina intervertebral).

kwakwakhe Discontinuous. Lezi zihlanganisa lwamalunga, okungukuthi, phakathi izingxenye kokuzalela kuyinto umgodi glenoid. Amathambo labetibambile esebenzisa capsule avaliwe futhi nemisipha asekelayo kanye muscle izicubu.

Ngenxa yalaba izici uhlangothi, amathambo nasemilenzeni ephansi futhi isiqu ngokuvamile ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza umzimba womuntu kunyakaza. Nokho, locomotor umsebenzi wabantu akuxhomekile nje kuphela esimweni zezakhi samanje, kodwa futhi phezu kwalapho kuhlangana khona imizwa kanye umnkantsha eziqukethwe ingaphakathi idatha.

umsebenzi lwamathambo

Ngaphandle imisebenzi mechanical lesekela ukuma emzimbeni womuntu, skeleton kwenza ukuhamba futhi bavikele izitho zangaphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithambo uhlelo limelela iphuzu hemopoiesis. Ngakho, umnkantsha, amangqamuzana amasha igazi akhiwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlaka lwamathambo uhlobo Igumbi okukhuthazwa calcium umzimba ne phosphorus. Yingakho-ke kudlala indima ebalulekile umzimba amaminerali.

skeleton Human enegama wethambo

skeleton Adult inezigaba cishe abangaphezu kuka-200. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye ngayinye (ikhanda, izingalo, imilenze nokunye.) Kufaka ezinye izinhlobo amathambo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi igama ngokomzimba yabo izici nemikhuba yazo ihluke kakhulu.

amathambo ekhanda

Ugebhezi womuntu inezingxenye 29. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusho lowo oyiNhloko yoMnyango ngamunye kuhlanganisa amathambo abathile kuphela:

1. umnyango Hlanganisa tinhloko, okuyinto inezigaba eziyisishiyagalombili:

• ithambo frontal;
• nesigaxa;
• parietal (2 PC.);
• occipital;
• yesikhashana (2 PC.);
• latticework.

2. umnyango Face siqukethe amathambo nanhlanu:

• ithambo LasePalatine (2 PC.);
• ngikwazi ukuqala;
• ithambo zygomatic (2 PC.);
• i ongenhla (2 PC.);
• ithambo acinene (2 PC.);
• umhlathi ongezansi;
• ithambo lacrimal (2 PC.);
• turbinate aphansi (2 PC.);
• ithambo hyoid.

3. amathambo maphakathi nendlebe:

• isando (2 PC.);
• nesikhandelo (2 PC.);
• isitibili (2 PC.).

isiqu

amathambo womuntu, esimagama aso cishe njalo zivumelana indawo yabo noma ukubukeka, kukhona izitho wafunda kalula kakhulu. Ngakho, waphuka ahlukahlukene noma ezinye pathologies ezembulwa angabacwasi ngokushesha ngosizo indlela zokuxilonga njengoba X-ray. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi omunye amathambo enkulu ezingabantu amathambo emzimbeni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa wonke ikholomu vertebral, esakhiwa 32-34 ukwehlukanisa amathambo. Kuye imisebenzi futhi wabelane okusha

• amathambo thoracic (12 nama-PC.);
• intamo (7 PC.), kuhlanganise epistrophe futhi Atlanta;
• lumbar (5 PC.).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-amathambo esifubeni uyalandisa sacrum, coccyx, le thorax, izimbambo (12 × 2) kanye breastbone.

Zonke lezi zinto we skeleton zenzelwe ukuvikela izitho zangaphakathi kusuka kungenzeka amathonya zangaphandle (nemivimbo, uhlevane, punctures kanye nokunye.). Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi esimweni waphuka ngokujulile amaphethelo ala mathambo kalula kulimaze kwezicubu ezithambile yomzimba, okuholela ekungeneni kakhulu ukopha oluqinile yangaphakathi, okuholela ngokuvamile ukulahlelwa ekufeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imizimba esinjalo Fusion kudingeka isikhathi eside kakhulu kunalezo ukuthi zitholakala kule aphansi noma engenhla nasemilenzeni.

nemilenze engenhla

Amathambo esandleni somuntu zihlanganisa inani elikhulu izakhi ezincane. Ngenxa enjalo esitho elingenhla skeleton abantu bayakwazi ukudala izinto, ukuzisebenzisa, nokunye. Njengoba yomgogodla, umsebenzi wezandla zomuntu nazo ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye eziningana:

1. engenhla esitho ibhande siqukethe izindwani (2 PC.) kanye clavicle (2 PC.).
2. Le ngxenye khulula esitho elingenhla has izingxenye ezilandelayo:

• Ehlombe - humerus (2 izingcezu).
• Ibhodi lemisindo - the ulna (2 izingcezu) bone osabalalayo (2 izingcezu).
• Ibhulashi, okubandakanya:
  - a isihlakala (8 × 2) eyayakhiwa scaphoid, lunate, esingunxantathu futhi pisiform ithambo bese ithambo trapezoid, ithambo trapezoid, capitate, futhi hamate;
  - metacarpus ehlanganisa ithambo metacarpal (5 × 2);
  - amathambo iminwe (14 × 2), ehlanganisa phalanges ezintathu (proximal, maphakathi kanye distal) e umunwe ngamunye (ngaphandle isithupha, esesikhundleni phalanges amabili).

Wonke amathambo womuntu ethulwa, okuyinto okunzima ukukhumbula igama, ukuvumela ukuthuthukisa motor amakhono kanye isandla ukuze kukwazi ukunyakaza ngendlela elula ukuthi abalulekile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izakhi abamelwe yezingalo nemilenze engenhla babhekana ukwa noma ezinye ukulimala kaningi. Nokho, lawa mathambo tho ngokushesha kunezinye.

emikhawulweni aphansi

Human umlenze amathambo futhi zibandakanya inombolo enkulu izakhi ezincane. Njengoba zihlukaniswe izigaba ezilandelayo kuncike indawo kanye umsebenzi:

• Yibhande esitho engezansi. Lezi zihlanganisa nethambo lenqulu, esakhiwa le ilium, ischium futhi pubis.
• I khulula ingxenye emkhawulweni ephansi, ehlanganisa okhalweni (kunawo wonke - 2 izicucu; ivi - 2 izicucu).
• Shin. It siqukethe le tibia (2 izingcezu) kanye fibula (2 izingcezu).
• Misa.
• WaseTarsu (7 × 2). Siqukethe ezimbili izingcezu bone ku ngamunye: isithende, talus, navicular, nesigaxa medial, nesigaxa emise Lesisemkhatsini, lateral nhlonhlo emise, cuboid.
• Metatarsus ehlanganisa metatarsal amathambo (5 × 2).
• Bone izikhonkwane (14 × 2). Ziyakwazi: ndlela yokuhlasela yokuhlanganisa izihlangu maphakathi (4 × 2) kanye ndlela yokuhlasela yokuhlanganisa izihlangu proximal (5 × 2) kanye ndlela yokuhlasela yokuhlanganisa izihlangu distal (5 × 2).

Okuvame kakhulu bamathambo

Izazi ziye eside sezisunguliwe ukuthi ukukhumuzeka kwamathambo. It is ukuphambuka ngokuvamile kubangela waphuka okungazelelwe nobuhlungu. Igama olungekho emthethweni lesi sifo ethulwa kuzwakala 'nesela buthule ". Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lesi sifo angaliboni futhi kancane kakhulu. Kusukela amathambo kancane kancane leaches calcium, okuholela ukwehla kwabantu babo. Phela, ukukhumuzeka kwamathambo landile yobudala asebekhulile noma phakathi.

amathambo ukuguga

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, e elidala womuntu nohlaka lwamathambo kungokoqobo izinguquko ezinkulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi amathambo ewohloka iqala nokuncipha kwenani ithambo amapuleti (okuholela ukukhumuzeka kwamathambo), futhi ngakolunye - kumiswa eziphindaphindekayo esiboniswe Izigaxana ifomu ithambo (noma okuthiwa osteophyte). Futhi, kukhona calcification we articular nemisipha, imisipha kanye uqwanga endaweni ukunamathela kulezi zinhlangano.

Aging osteoarticular apharathasi kungacacisa ukuthi hhayi kuphela ngezimpawu zesifo, kodwa sibonga le ndlela yokwelapha, njengoba ama-X ray.

Iziphi izinguquko zenzeka ngenxa yoma efana amathambo? Izimo ezinjalo sokugembula zihlanganisa:

• Deformation amakhanda ngokuhlanganyela (noma okuthiwa ukunyamalala imikiswe zabo, imiphetho nemithungo ukubukeka engeli ohambelana).
• Lokhu kwakubangelwa ukukhumuzeka kwamathambo. Ngezinye Ukuhlolwa ku-X-ray womuntu ithambo sengathi isiguli esobala edlula enempilo.

Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi iziguli kaningi kubonisa izinguquko ithambo amalunga omzimba ngenxa ngokweqile lime esisemanzini uqwanga eduze nezicubu zezinzwa. Ngokuvamile, lezi ngeziphambeko ahambisana:

• -X-ray ukuvaleka emfantwini ngokuhlanganyela. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa calcification cartilage articular.
• Diaphyseal impumuzo inzuzo. isimo sokugembula okunjalo kuhambisana calcification we imisipha endaweni ithambo okunamathiselwe.
• Bone iqhubezela noma osteophyte. Kumiswa sifo ngenxa calcification ka nemisipha endaweni ukunamathela ithambo. Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi ushintsho olunjalo kutholwa ikakhulukazi kahle ngesandla nomgogodla. Kwezinye izingxenye lwamathambo usukela 3 izimpawu eziyinhloko radiologic yokuguga. Lezi zihlanganisa kwamathambo, olugcwele ukuqhekeka ngokuhlanganyela kanye nokuqinisa amathambo impumuzo.

Abanye abantu asebekhulile izimpawu kungenzeka ekuqaleni (azungeze 30-45 iminyaka), kuyilapho abanye - kamuva (eminyakeni 65-70), noma ngingekho ngokuphelele. Zonke lezi zinguquko zenzo ziwukubonakaliswa ngempela okunengqondo womsebenzi evamile e engu amadala nohlaka lwamathambo.

kumnandzi

• Bambalwa abantu bazi, kodwa ithambo hyoid kuyinto ithambo kuphela emzimbeni womuntu, okuyinto akuhlangene nabanye. Topographically itholakala entanyeni. Nokho, ngokwesiko, ibhekisela esifundeni ebusweni Yekhanda. Ngakho, sublingual ilungu skeleton usebenzisa izicubu imisipha imiswe okwesikhashana kusukela amathambo futhi ixhunywe nge amalaka.
• Omude kunayo yonke owake uqine skeleton ithambo kunawo.
• Ithambo owesincane lwamathambo omuntu itholakala maphakathi nendlebe.