I ukuma sulphur. Ukufaka i-ukuncibilika sulphur

Sulphur - esinye sezici ezivame kakhulu ungqimba lomhlaba. Ngokuvamile kwenzeka Ukwakheka amaminerali equkethe izinsimbi ngaphandle kwakhe. izinqubo Very interesting okwenzeka lapho izinga lokushisa abilayo kanye ukuma sulphur. Lezi zinqubo futhi eyinkimbinkimbi ezihambisana nawo sahlanganisa ngalesi sihloko. Kodwa okokuqala, thina lokumba umlando kokutholakala isici.

indaba

Ngendlela bomdabu, kanye namaminerali sulphur yaziwa kusukela endulo. Emibhalweni ngesiGreki amadala echazwe umphumela wawo anobuthi compounds emzimbeni womuntu. Sulphur dioxide ukhululeka ngesikhathi omlilo zezakhi kwalesi sakhi empeleni kungase kube ezibulalayo ukuze abantu. Emhlabeni nelesi-8, baqala ukusebenzisa nesibabule China ngokwenza Izingxube pyrotechnic. Akumangazi, ngoba kulelizwe, okukholakala ukuthi neziqhumane yasungulwa.

Ngisho e Ancient Egypt abantu kuthiwa indlela yokuwugazinga sulphur-equkethe i-ore okusekelwe kuzo ithusi. Ngakho kwensimbi likhishiwe. Sulphur kwesokunxele ngesimo igesi enobuthi _{2 SO.}

Naphezu izikhathi eyaziwa kusukela lasendulo, ngokwazi ukuthi kuyinto sulphur, sibonga umsebenzi usosayensi French Antuana Lavuaze. Nguye esungulwe ukuthi ilungu, futhi imikhiqizo amandla omlilo yayo - oxides.

Nakhu umlando omfushane ukujola amadoda nge lesi sici zamakhemikhali. Okulandelayo, sichaza ngokuningiliziwe izinqubo ezenzeka esikhathini emathunjini omhlaba futhi okuholela ukwakheka nesibabule kwindlela manje.

Njengoba sulphur livela?

Kukhona owandile onganembile wokuthi kaningi lesi sakhi butholakala bomdabu (ie, emsulwa) ifomu. Nokho, lokho akulona iqiniso. Nesibabule uvame abuthola lapho ukufakwa kwezinye emkhandweni wensimbi.

Okwamanje, kunezinkolelo-mbono eziningi ngemvelaphi izakhi njengoba injalo emsulwa. Basikisela Ngokungafani ukwakheka sulphur imikhando nesikhathi lapho intersperses. Okokuqala, syngenesis theory kuhilela kumiswa sulphur kanye imikhando. Ngokusho kwakhe, abanye amagciwane ezihlala olwandle mkhulu, ukunciphisa sulfate asemanzini, ukuba-hydrogen sulfide. Lesi sakamuva, esikhundleni salokho, wamvusa lapho ngamanye amagciwane oxidized ukuze nesibabule. Wawa phansi, exutshwe udaka, bese ndawonye bakha emkhandweni wensimbi.

Ingqikithi yale theory epigenetic - ukuthi sulphur emkhandweni wensimbi zimiswe ngaphakathi ke kakhulu. Kukhona amagatsha amaningana. We uzokutshela kuphela mayelana okufana ezivame kakhulu lo mbono. Siqukethe lapha kulokho: amanzi angaphansi komhlaba egeleza ngokusebenzisa ekuqongeleleni imikhando sulfate kuyacetshiswa yibo. Khona-ke, edabula ensimini uwoyela negesi, ion sulfate ziyancipha ukuze hydrogen sulfide hydrocarbon ngenxa. Hydrogen sulfide, womuzi Kwamanzi oxidized ngu-mpilo asemkhathini ukuba sulphur, okuyinto imali emadwaleni, ukwakha zinhlayiya. muva Lo mbono uye wathola ubufakazi obengeziwe, kodwa namanje umbuzo evulekile mayelana ukwakheka kwezinto lezi zinguquko.

Kusukela inqubo umsuka sulphur ngokwemvelo uqhubekele ukulungiswa yayo.

Allotropy kanye polymorphism

Sulphur, njengabanye izakhi eziningi ishadi lesikhathi, likhona nemvelo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ngo-chemistry, bebizwa ukulungiswa allotropic. Kukhona sulphur rhombic. Ukuma ke Kuthi leliphasi kunaleyo ka ukuguqulwa yesibili: monoclinic (112 119 degrees Celsius). Kodwa kuhluke isakhiwo iyunithi amaseli. sulphur Rhombic kuyinto ayazika futhi livikela. Kungaba ngu Ukushisa degrees 95 ukuya umumo wesibili - monoclinic. Saxoxa isici yethu ine analogue ethebuleni gqwa. Polymorphism sulphur, selenium futhi tellurium, ososayensi baye badingida kuze kube manje. Sinenkosi ubuhlobo obuseduze kakhulu phakathi kwawo, futhi ngaso sonke ukulungiswa akha, ayefana kakhulu.

Bese sizobheka izinqubo ezenzeka ukuncibilika nesibabule. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba uqale, kuzomele kube idiphu kancane e isakhiwo crystal ngehele kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela kanye izenzakalo ezenzeka ngesikhathi isigaba ukuhwebelana kwendaba.

Kuyini crystal?

Njengoba yaziwa, ku gaseous isimo ketshezi kuyinto ifomu zishintshe (noma ama-athomu) ngokunganaki ezihambayo emkhathini. Ingqikithi ketshezi kuyinto izinhlayiya zayo eqoqelwe ndawonye, kodwa kusadingeka impela eningi ukuhamba ngenkululeko. Esikhathini okuqinile isimo aggregate ihlukile kancane. Lapha, degree of oda kwandisa enanini layo esiphezulu, futhi ama-athomu akha ngehele crystal. Kuyinto Yebo, oscillations zenzeke, kodwa banayo amplitude amancane kakhulu futhi ayikwazi ngokuthi ukunyakaza khulula.

crystal ngamunye zingahlukaniswa zibe amaseli aphansi - ezifana ukuxhumana serial ngama-athomu, okuphindaphindiwe lonke ivolumu enkompolo isampula. Lapha kubalulekile ukuze sicacise ukuthi iseli ezinjalo - akuyona ngehele crystal, bese ama-athomu ahlelwe ivolumu izibalo ezithile kunokuba emaphuzwini yayo. Ukuze ngamunye crystal, bahlukile, kodwa zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo eziningana ezinkulu (crystal izinhlelo) kuncike geometry: triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, rhombohedral, tetragonal, eziyisithupha, cubic.

Ake sihlole kafushane uhlobo grid ngamunye, ngoba ukwabelana zenyathi ezimbalwa kakhudlwana. Futhi sizoqala nalokho abakufunayo kungahluka bodwa. Okokuqala, kuba isilinganiso ubude izinhlangothi, kanti okwesibili, igebe eliphakathi kwabo.

Ngakho, crystal triclinic uhlelo, phansi kwabo bonke, kuyinto nehele aphansi (parallelogram) lapho zonke izinhlangothi futhi engeli are lingana. Enye kuvakashe ummeleli wendlunkulu okuthiwa ephansi isigaba syngonies - monoclinic. Zimbili amakhona iseli-90 degrees, futhi zonke izinhlangothi kufanele anobude obungalingani. Uhlobo esilandelayo okuhlobene isigaba ephansi, - uhlelo orthorhombic. It has ezintathu izinhlangothi ukungalingani nomunye, kodwa wonke amakhona manani-90 degrees.

Ake uqhubekela isigaba maphakathi. Futhi lokuqala ilungu layo - kohlelo tetragonal. Lapha esifanisweni esisenze akunzima ukuqagela ukuthi zonke engele sibalo, yena uyalingana 90 degrees, kanye ezimbili ezinhlangothini ezintathu bayalingana. Omele elilandelayo - rhombohedral (trigonal) crystal uhlelo. Kuyamangaza zonke kancane. Lolu hlobo ebizwa ngokuthi izinhlangothi ezintathu ezifanayo namakhona ezintathu, okuyinto bayalingana phakathi kwabo, kodwa bahlala ayiqondile.

Inketho wesibili esigabeni maphakathi - uhlelo olunezinhlangothi. Ngo nenchazelo eyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu. Lokhu samuntu kusekelwe izinhlangothi ezintathu, ezimbili zazo ziyalingana futhi yakha i-engela degrees 120, kanti eyesithathu ngendiza perpendicular kubo. Uma uthatha emithathu cell uhlelo olunezinhlangothi futhi unamathisele ukuba nomunye, sithola isilinda base olunezinhlangothi (yingakho enendawo igama elinjalo, ngoba "hexa" ngesiLatini kusho 'nesithupha').

Kodwa esivelele zonke izinhlelo crystal kokuba yesimethri zonke izinkomba - cubic. Yena nguye yedwa okuqondene esigabeni esiphezulu. Lapha ungakwazi nje ukuthola kungaba lungachazwa kanjani. Zonke emakhoneni futhi izinhlangothi ayalingana nomunye bese bakha cube.

Ngalokho sahlanganisa ukuhlaziywa inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela amaqembu eyinhloko crystal izinhlelo, futhi manje bakutshele okwengeziwe isakhiwo ezihlukahlukene nesibabule, futhi izakhiwo ukuthi ulandele kulokhu.

Isakhiwo sulphur

Njengoba sekushiwo, nesibabule has ukulungiswa ezimbili: monoclinic futhi orthorhombic. Ngemva ukwahlukanisa nemfundiso ngokuqinisekile kwaba sobala kanjani bayehluka. Kodwa wonke Iphuzu liwukuthi, kuye ngokuthi lokushisa isakhiwo ngehele zingahluka. Zonke zingamalungu e inqubo ukuguqulwa okwenzeka lapho izinga lokushisa sulphur ukuncibilika kufinyelelwe. Khona-ke wathi eheleni crystal libhujiswa ngokuphelele, futhi ama-athomu kukhona ucishe khulula ukuhambisa emkhathini.

Kodwa emuva isakhiwo kanye nezici into ezifana nesibabule. Properties of izakhi zamakhemikhali kukhona incike isakhiwo sabo. Ngokwesibonelo, nesibabule amandla izici isakhiwo crystal has impahla flotation. izinhlayiya zayo kungukuthi wetted ngamanzi, futhi sinamathele kuye abagcwele abahudulele ebusweni. Ngakho, i-sulphur yinhlama sintanta lapho emanzini. Luhilela ezinye izindlela esasihlukanisa isici inhlanganisela ilk yakhe. Futhi sizobe sibheke izindlela eziyisisekelo ukukhiqizwa lokhu kwakwakhe.

isizinda

Sulphur angase alale amaminerali ahlukahlukene, futhi kungakho ekujuleni ezahlukene. Kuye lokhu, akhethe izindlela ezahlukene ukukhiqiza. Uma ukujula incane futhi akukho igesi accumulations komhlaba athiya ukukhiqizwa, indaba misela by indlela evulekile: izingqimba ehlanzekile amatshe ekutholeni i-ore equkethe sulphur, ulithumele kabusha. Kodwa uma lezi zimo singakaze sibonane futhi kukhona ingozi, bese usebenzisa indlela downhole. Njengoba kubalulekile ukuthi lokuncibilika sulphur yafinyelelwa. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa ukufakwa ekhethekile. Iinsetjenziswa zokukhwela encibilika block sulphur ngale ndlela kumelwe. Kodwa le nqubo -Slightly kamuva.

Ngokuvamile, isizinda sulphur nganoma iyiphi indlela kunobungozi okusezingeni eliphezulu ubuthi, ngoba ngokuvamile naye amanga kuyi-hydrogen sulfide ne-sulfur dioxide, okuyingozi kakhulu abantu.

Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi yini emihle nemibi has lokhu noma lokhuya indlela, look at the izindlela zokuhlela ore sulphur-aqukethe.

isizinda

Nalapha futhi, kukhona amasu amaningana ukuthi zisekelwe ehluke ngokuphelele izindawo nesibabule. Phakathi kwabo kukhona ezishisayo, isizinda, Steam, futhi filtration centrifugal.

Iningi lazo ihlolwe - ezishisayo. Zisekelwe yokuthi izinga lokushisa ukuncibilika nesibabule ukubila leliphasi kunaleyo ka imikhando lapho khona "elalibambeke". Inkinga nje wukuthi eziningi amandla yokuqothulwa. Ukuze silondoloze lokushisa ngaphambilini kwakudingeka bashise nesibabule. Naphezu inkimbinkimbi le ndlela kuyinto ingaphumeleli, kanye nokulahlekelwa lingafika irekhodi amaphesenti angu-45.

Esiyikho igatsha izenzakalo ezingokomlando, ngakho uqhubekele indlela umusi-amanzi. Ngokungafani ezishisayo yalezi zindlela zisasetshenziswa ezimbonini eziningi. Okuxakayo ukuthi zisekelwe impahla efanayo - ngokungafani abilayo futhi encibilika nesibabule kusukela izibalo abafanele umngane izinsimbi. Umahluko owokuthi indlela heats. Yonke inqubo uya e autoclaves - ukufaka ekhethekile. Kukhona zinikwa sulfuric ore ahlanganiswe equkethe ku-80% we-elementi kukhiqizwa. Khona-ke, phakathi autoclave ngaphansi kwengcindezi injected umusi ashisayo. Amalahle kuze kufinyelele 130 degrees Celsius, nesibabule Incibilikile futhi asuswe uhlelo. Yiqiniso, ahlale nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi imisila - sulphur izinhlayiya sintanta emanzini kwakhiwa ngenxa ukufingqa ngentukuthelo amanzi. Basuke isuswe futhi kabusha avunyelwe kule nqubo, njengoba kukhona futhi equkethwe eziningi kithi into efiselekayo.

Enye yezindlela zesimanje kakhulu - Centrifuge. By the way, wahlakulela eRussia. Ngamafuphi, ngokuyisisekelo ke wukuthi ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga inhlanganisela sulphur namaminerali, okuhambisana ke ingamamitha ibe Centrifuge futhi sasenza ngesivinini. Okuningi rock esindayo ngenxa amandla centrifugal ivame ukuba isikhungo, nesibabule uqobo uhlala ephakeme. Ngemva kwalokho, le izendlalelo nje bahlukana.

Kukhona enye indlela, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi isasetshenziswa ukukhiqizwa. Siqukethe e ukwehlukana sulphur namaminerali kuzihlungi ekhethekile.

Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa nje izindlela isizinda ezishisayo ngokungangabazeki esibalulekile kithi.

Inqubo ukuncibilika

Ukutadisha ukudluliswa ukushisa e ukuncibilika sulphur - umbuzo obalulekile, ngoba ingenye yezindlela ukonga kakhulu isizinda lapho lesi sakhi. Asikwazi sihlanganise kwemigomo ohlelweni ngesikhathi Ukushisa, futhi sidinga ukubala inhlanganisela yabo elilungile. Kungakho ucwaningo olwenziwe ukushisa exchange kanye nokuhlaziywa izici inqubo sulphur ukuncibilika. Kunezinhlobo eziningana izilungiselelo kule nqubo. Boiler ngoba ukuncibilika sulphur - omunye wabo. Ukulungiselela timphawu oyifunayo usebenzise lo mkhiqizo - indlela umsizi. Nokho, namuhla kukhona uphiko oluyisipesheli - iyunithi ngoba ukuncibilika block nesibabule. Kungaba ngempumelelo lisetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa ukuthola sulphur msulwa okusezingeni eliphezulu e semali.

Ngenjongo ngenhla 1890 yasungulwa ukufakwa, evumela encibilika sulphur at ukujula ukumpompa ebusweni nge ipayipi. isakhiwo Its ilula futhi esebenza kahle ukusebenza: ngemibhobho emibili ku nomunye. Ngu tube yangaphandle ukhiphela esishisa bhé ukuze degrees 120 (iphuzu sulphur ukuncibilika) ngazimbili. Ukuphela tube kwangaphakathi uthola imali yento oyifunayo kithi. amanzi evuthayo, nesibabule iqala igcwale amanzi uhambe ngaphandle. Kulula ngokwanele. Ngo nothayi banamuhla ukufakwa iqukethe omunye tube: kuba ngaphakathi ipayipi isibabule, futhi kuso uya, umoya onomfutho, elibangela ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga avuke ngokushesha.

Kukhona izindlela eziningana, futhi omunye wabo kufinyelelwe sulphur ukuncibilika lokushisa. Ingabe ngihlaliswa phansi electrode amabili futhi uzivumele ukhulume. Njengoba sulphur - a Kwe-dielectric Heating ejwayelekile, awusebenzi ukuqhuba ugesi nekucala ashisise. Ngakho lincibilike futhi nge ipayipi, njengoba kule nqubo kuqala akhishwa ngaphandle. Uma ufuna ukuthumela isibabule ukuze sulfuric acid ke luvutha ngaphanzi komhlaba, futhi okukhipha igesi umphumela ngaphandle. dookislyayut Its sulphur oxide (VI), bese ziyoncibilika amanzi ukuthola umkhiqizo wokugcina.

Sesihlole ukuncibilika nesibabule, nesibabule ukuncibilika isitshalo nezindlela ukukhiqizwa yayo. Manje sekuyisikhathi sokuba uthole ukuthi kungani sidinga izindlela eyinkimbinkimbi ezinjalo. Empeleni, ukuhlaziya nesibabule ukuncibilika inqubo nokulawula lokushisa uhlelo kumele kahle sihlanza abuye asebentise yokugcina isizinda umkhiqizo. Ngemva sulphur - esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi adlale indima ebonakalayo ezindaweni eziningi ezimpilweni zethu.

isicelo

Lutho ukukhuluma, lapho kudingeka khona sulphur compounds. Kulula ukutshela lapho azisebenzi. Sulphur ungaphakathi iyiphi imikhiqizo iraba iraba, e-gas ukuthi sidla endlini (lapho kuyadingeka ukuhlonza ukuvuza uma kwenzeka okunjalo). Lona izibonelo eziningi nsuku zonke futhi elula. Eqinisweni, izicelo sulphur ezingenakubalwa. Zibhaleni phansi zonke kumane ongenangqondo. Kodwa uma sithatha ukwenza lokhu, kuvela ukuthi nesibabule - omunye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ngesintu.

isiphetho

Kulesi sihloko, okufundile nendlela izinga lokushisa ukuncibilika e sulphur kuka element kubaluleke kakhulu kithi. Uma unesithakazelo kule nqubo kanye cwaningo yayo, cishe wafunda okuthile okusha. Ngokwesibonelo, kungase kube ikakhulukazi nesibabule ukuncibilika. Kunoma ikuphi, akunamkhawulo ekupheleleni, futhi akekho kithi ngeke ukuvikele ulwazi izinqubo ezenzeka embonini. Ukhululekile uqhubeke ukuthuthukiswa butholakala enqubweni eyinkimbinkimbi kwezobuchwepheshe izinqubo zokukhiqiza, isizinda kanye ukucutshungulwa sulphur nezinye izakhi eziqukethwe ungqimba lomhlaba.