Universal imali sinemibandela emazweni EU neRussia

engenayo Sinemibandela kuwuhlobo erherhweni lokuvikelwa komphakathi elihlangeneko, lapho bonke nezakhamuzi yezwe njalo ukuthola ezinye imali uhulumeni noma kunoma iyiphi enye inhlangano yomphakathi ngaphezu kungenzeka umholo. Uma kunjalo ngezincwadi esingaphansi ubuncane ukudla ezingeni, kubhekwa esinqunyiwe. engenayo Sinemibandela kuyinto iBombela onobuhle eziningi emakethe ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni. umqondo Abalweli Bokholo imele filipp Van Parijs, Eylsa Makkey, André Gorz, Gillel Shtayner, uPetru Vallentyne futhi Guy Standing.

izimpande zomlando

Ingxoxo ngesidingo ukwethulwa jikelele imali sinemibandela waqala eYurophu 1970-1980 sika. Kwaba ngokwengxenye ngenxa kwinkulumompikiswano e-United States nase-Canada. Udaba kancane kancane waqala ezodingidwa kuwo wonke amazwe athuthukile, Latin America, Middle East ngisho kwamanye amazwe e-Afrika nase-Asia. Alaska Permanent Isikhwama ubhekwa ezinhle kunazo yokukhokha kwemibandela engenayo, siqala esinqunyiwe. izinhlelo ezifanayo zokuvikeleka kwezenhlalakahle akhona e-Brazil, e-Macau nase-Iran. amaphrojekthi engenayo umshayeli Basic ukusebenza ngo-United States nase-Canada ngawo-1960 1970, Namibia (2008) kanye e-India (kusukela ngo-2010). EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani kukhona izixazululo zezombusazwe ukuzama eyisebenzisa e iFrance, iNetherlands kanye Finland. Ngo-2016 e-Switzerland labetibambile inhlolovo ngalolu daba, kodwa 77% wabantu wavumelana nalokho ukwethulwa amasentshana olungenamkhawulo.

imithombo ngezimali

Lapho u-Milton Friedman nezinye zezomnotho wokuqala ohlongozwayo negative intela edonswa eholweni, kukholakala ukuthi uhlelo ezilinganiselwe ngabe ukwehlisa ubushiqela futhi ekugcineni kungaholela ukuvela engenayo iqinisekisiwe wonke umhlali. Abasekeli balobu umqondo khulumela "green", abanye Socialists, feminists nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi pirate party. Abameleli beNdikimba izikole ezihlukahlukene zomnotho okunikelwe anakekele izindleko zalo msebenzi ngezindlela ezahlukene. I Socialists babekholelwa ukuthi ukuqinisekisa jikelele imali sinemibandela bungatholakala ngokusebenzisa ubunikazi zomphakathi izindlela zokukhiqiza kanye nemithombo yemvelo. "Imithetho", isibonelo, Friedman babekholelwa ukuthi kuphela udinga ukufaka uhlelo intela ezilinganiselwe. Green ahlinzekwa indlela siqu. Bakholelwa ukuthi imali sinemibandela kungenziwa ngokwezimali ngezithukuthuku izintela kwemvelo. Phakathi kweminye imithombo yemali engenayo kwemibandela yazo zonke yayingase ibizwe ngokuthi uhlelo oluqhubekayo VAT, nokuhlelwa kabusha kwezomhlaba kanye yemali.

izinhlelo umshayeli

Isibonelo yimpumelelo kakhulu yokuthi okungenani imali esinqunyiwe olungenamkhawulo ingangeniswa, iyona Alaska Permanent Isikhwama. Ngokufanayo usebenza Bolsa Familia uhlelo imindeni abampofu baseBrazil. Ezinye izinhlelo umshayeli zihlanganisa:

• Ukuhlolwa nge negative kwentela engenayo e-United States nase-Canada ngawo-1960 1970.
• Le phrojekthi eNamibia olwaqala ngo-2008.
• Isilingo eBrazil kusukela ngo-2008.
• Indian iphrojekthi, okwaqala ngo-2011.
• Nikeza ngokuqondile isinyathelo Kenya nase-Uganda. Luhilela ngokuthumela usizo yesihle nge omakhalekhukhwini abantu baphila kanzima.
• Ucwaningo ezindaweni zasemakhaya yaseNyakatho Carolina e-United States.

EJalimane, i-project abathintekayo abantu 26, ngalinye elikwazi uhulumeni ukhokha euro 1,000 ngenyanga. Kusukela 2017 kuya 2019 ngamunye owakhileyo Finland sitawubhekisisa ethile imali njengengxenye yokuhlola.

Bulgaria

Ekupheleni kuka-March 2013 Isikhwama Blue Bird Foundation bafunde ngokulawulwa "isinyathelo we izakhamuzi European for imali sinemibandela" futhi wanquma ukuhlanganyela kulo mkhankaso. Tony Badzhdarov ezihlongozwayo umfuziselo olunzulu ukuze Bulgaria. Umthombo uxhaso ngoba kufanele abe lwemali lelitimele, ukubuya VAT mkhuba emsebenzini. Iqembu selidale endaweni yalo kanye namakhasi ekuxhumaneni nomphakathi. Lo mkhankaso wawusakhangiswa emsakazweni kazwelonke futhi ngo esitimeleni. Isikhwama wakwazi ukuthola ukusekelwa izinhlangano eziningana nezinyunyana. Initiative yokuvota inthanethi asekelwe inombolo irekhodi zabantu. Ngo-December 2014 kwaba khona iqembu lokuqala zezombusazwe, ezazihlanganisa ukwethulwa amasentshana olungenamkhawulo ohlelweni lwakhe. Ibizwa ngokuthi "Union Bulgarian yeningi ngqo" futhi belwela ilungelo lawo wonke umuntu ukuba ukuphila okuhloniphekile.

United Kingdom

E-UK, i engenayo eyisisekelo olungenamkhawulo zonke izakhamuzi - eside kuye kwaba into okuxoxwa ngayo. Ukuze ziye zasebenza Dennis Milner ku 1920. Namuhla, iningi amaqembu ezombusazwe noma United Kingdom ungacabangi lo mbono, noma ukumelana nawo. Nokho, kukhona ababesekela i engenayo olungenamkhawulo. "Scottish National Party" esithangamini entwasahlobo ka-2016 ngokuthi i esikhundleni the erherhweni lokuvikelwa komphakathi elihlangeneko ekhona. "Ukuze 'wazenza zaba futhi ezinye namanye amaqembu ezombusazwe. Phakathi kwabo kukhona "green", le Socialists Scottish futhi "pirates" ye-United Kingdom. Ngo-February 2016 Dzhon Makdonnell ukuthi ukwethulwa engenayo eyisisekelo kubhekwa yoMbutho Wezisebenzi.

Germany

Germany futhi kusukela ekuqaleni 1980, cabanga ngendlela ukwethula i engenayo olungenamkhawulo. Germany sisanda kuqala ukusebenzisa iphrojekthi, lapho abantu abangu-26 bahlanganyela. Kuyo yonke le minyaka ukwethulwa amasentshana olungenamkhawulo ezweni zaba idlanzana lososayensi kuphela, ezifana Claus Offe. Nokho, ngemva izinguquko ehlongozwayo ngu iKhabhinethi Gerharda Shredera ngonyaka 2003-2005, eJalimane kukhona abasekeli ngaphezulu lo mqondo. Emhlanganweni 2009th wePhalamende basilalela lesi Suzanne Vayst - uyinkosikazi, uhlu lwezikhalazo eyathandwa amavoti 52973. Ngo-2010, eJalimane waphasisa imiboniso ambalwa imali ngokuphelele, enkulu kunazo zonke - e-Berlin. Kusukela 2011 "elisho" ekuqaleni isenzo, "Pirate Party". amalungu ngamanye namanye amaqembu ezombusazwe futhi ukusekela umqondo imali olungenamkhawulo.

Netherlands

engenayo Sinemibandela ngamandla kwaphikiswana kusukela ngo-1970 kuya ku-1990. Ekuqaleni, ingxoxo ngesikhathi okuqalwe Economist Leo Yansenom ngo-1975. Ukwethulwa amasentshana olungenamkhawulo kwahlanganiswa uhlelo lokhetho we Political Radical Party. Esikhathini esidlule 10 edlule, kwaphakama umbuzo kanye kuphela. Ngo-2006, umholi we "green" Femke Halsema ayifakile ukwethulwa amasentshana olungenamkhawulo ohlelweni wakhe wokhetho. Umuzi Utrecht, labantu wesine ngobukhulu kuleli zwe, wasungula iphrojekthi umshayeli. Nokho, imali ngokuphelele kumele ikhokhwe kuphela amaqembu abantu kakade bathola izinzuzo. emadolobheni Mayelana 30 kumanje ucabangela ukuthi kungenzeka ekusebenziseni iphrojekthi enjalo.

Sinemibandela engenayo Finland

"Isikhungo", omunye amaqembu amane ayinhloko sezombusazwe kuleliya lizwe, kanye "Kwesokunxele Alliance" futhi "Green League", esivuna ukwethulwa lo mqondo. Ngo-May 2015, onyakeni wokuqala, uhulumeni wanquma ukungabe ukwethula i engenayo olungenamkhawulo. Finland kuyoba yizwe lokuqala lapho bonke bazothola iminyaka emibili isizumbulu semali kusukela 2017.

France

Kuvele engenayo eyisisekelo olungenamkhawulo kubhekwa njengendlela mqondo kusukela 1970s. Nokho, kuphela ngo-2015, i-Aquitaine ephalamende lesifunda uvotele ukutholwa yayo. Ngo-January 2016 sehlangano yomphakathi yokubonisana ezindabeni digital eyanyatheliswa umbiko lapho Kunconywa ukuba aqhube ukuhlolwa. Inhlolo-vo yabonisa ukuthi iningi labantu laliphakathi esivuna ukukhokha imali eyisisekelo olungenamkhawulo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi.

Switzerland: Inhlolovo

Kuvele engenayo eyisisekelo olungenamkhawulo Sekuyisikhathi eside okuxoxwe ngazo ezweni. Switzerland has inhlangano BIEN-Switzerland kanye Grundeinkommen iqembu, kakhulu abathi ekusebenziseni lo mqondo. Ngo-2006, isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu Zhan Zigler ngokuthi imali sinemibandela eSwitzerland, omunye imibono lesichubekako kakhulu. Ngo-2008 Daniel Hani Enno Schmidt wenza ifilimu lapho wazama ukuchaza izinzuzo ukusebenza kwalesi umqondo. Kwakubukeka abantu abangaphezu kuka-400 eziyinkulungwane. abantu Ikakhulu sibonga kuye ngisho nakakhulu esikhathini German- namazwe elikhuluma isiFulentshi babé abasekeli umqondo. Ngo-April 2012, imali ngokuphelele eSwitzerland kwaba isihloko isinyathelo zomthetho ethandwa. Umkhankaso wakwazi ukuqoqa adingekayo 126.000 amasignisha. Inhlolovo eSwitzerland phezu imali sinemibandela labetibambile ngoJuni 5, 2016. Bangaphezu kuka-77% womphakathi balile ukwamukela 2500 franc ngenyanga.

Russia

Abantu abaningi abahlala Russian washaya izindaba Okhahlamba balile ukwamukela imali nje. Ngokushesha kwavela umbuzo ngabe iholo eliphelele eRussia kungenzeka? Phakathi bokwenza njalo kwesimiso esinjalo zokuvikeleka kwezenhlalakahle akuyona kuphela ukwanda umthwalo wentela phezu izakhamuzi zezwe nokwehlisa ugqozi emsebenzini, kodwa futhi inani elikhulayo abokufika. Switzerland uhlongoza ukwethulwa amasentshana ngaphandle kwemibandela 2,500 franc, imayelana isigamu inkokhelo isilinganiso. Uma usebenzisa le ndlela yokwenza Ukubalwa Russia, lapha kuyoba ruble mayelana 10,000. Kusukela ngoJulayi 1, iholo ubuncane kuyoba 7500 kuphela, izindleko zokuphila ngisho aphansi. Ngakho-ke, baningi abafuna ukuba 'uhlale ekhaya ". Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ukwethulwa amasentshana olungenamkhawulo e-Russia zingakhokhelwa kuphela zishukumisa kwamandla emali, ngoba inkokhelo ngeke benziwe ngezifiso futhi ziqondiswe sabantu abahlwempu kakhulu. Nokho, kukhona esinye umbono. Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi ukwethulwa amasentshana olungenamkhawulo kuzovumela abantu ukwenza lokho yaba umsebenzi wokuphila kwabo. Futhi zingaba nomthelela omkhulu omuhle esikhathini eside. Mhlawumbe abantu uzoqala ukwenza ucwaningo oyisisekelo. Futhi eRussia ngeke ulinde ushintsho ngokushesha kobuchwepheshe. Noma imali sinemibandela kungasiza abantu ukwenza imisebenzi eyengeziwe yokudala. Ngakho, kuwukuhlakanipha yini ukuhlala ukuqhuba ukuhlola eRussia phakathi idolobha noma target iqembu elilodwa.

ukugxekwa

IPhalamende isiJalimane, uKhomishane waxoxa isingeniso imali jikelele futhi ngaphandle kwemibandela kubhekwe iphrojekthi unfeasible. It phambili izizathu ezilandelayo:

• Uyokwenza ukuncipha eziphawulekayo ugqozi ukusebenza phakathi izakhamuzi ezivamile, okuyinto yena, kuholele nemiphumela ezingalindelekile emnothweni.
• Sidinga ukuqedela kabusha intela, ukuphepha komphakathi kanye sempesheni, okuyoholela izindleko eziphawulekayo.
• Uhlelo lwamanje German kuyaphumelela ngoba yomuntu kakhulu. Inani usizo ayisethelwe ngokuqinile futhi kuncike isikhundla somuntu esingokwezimali. Kwamanye maqembu abuthakathaka imali sinemibandela kungase kunganeli ukuphila.
• Kwalolu hlelo kuzoholela kwatheleka abalulekile kwabokufika.
• Yena kuzobandakanya ukunwetshwa emnothweni isithunzi.
• Ukwanda elihambisana e izintela kuzoholela ukungalingani okukhulu ngenxa ngena izintengo ukudla okuyisisekelo ezokwenza sibe sibi isimo sezimali abantu abampofu.
• Nakuba eJalimane ayitholakalanga ngendlela iphila ukuze sikhokhele lolu ukwethulwa jikelele engenayo olungenamkhawulo.

Njengoba ubona, eJalimane nakwamanye amazwe amaningi, kuhlanganise naseRussia, umbuzo uyasala evulekile.