Ukuzikhandla kwamakethe kuyini? Umqondo, amafomu asemqoka, imiphumela ye-monopolization

Indoda yanamuhla ayikwazi ukumangala ukutholakala kwezinhlobonhlobo zamashizi kanye ne-lemonade, inani elikhulu lempahla yokugqoka nemishini. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uvame ukudideka ngokuba khona komkhiqizi oyedwa kule mboni. Ukwenziwa kwezimakethe ezimakethe kuyisimo lapho ibhizinisi elilodwa kuphela noma umuntu enza njengomphakeli wohlu oluthile lwezimpahla noma amasevisi. Kulokhu, umthengi akakwazi ukukhetha, uphoqeleka ukuba avumelane nentengo ehleliwe. Ukwenziwa kwezimpahla ezimakethe futhi kuyinkqubo lapho inkampani iyakwazi ukuphakamisa amanani nokuqeda ukuncintisana kwayo. Futhi amabhizinisi anjalo akakhulu kakhulu, konke kuxhomeke kubukhulu bomkhakha abasebenza kuwo.

Umqondo we

Abomnotho bahlukanisa izinhlobo ezine zezakhiwo ezimakethe ezifanele:

• Ukuncintisana okuphelele. Kulesi simo, kukhona inani elikhulu lempahla engena esikhundleni, futhi ukungena emakethe cishe kungenamkhawulo. Konke kunqunywa "ngesandla esingabonakali".
• Ukuncintisana kwamanye amazwe. Embonini, abakhiqizi abaningi basebenza, okukhiqiza imikhiqizo engena esikhundleni. Noma kunjalo, izinkampani zigcina ukulawula ngaphezulu kwamanani. Lokhu kunquma amazinga okubheka imali emakethe.
• I-Oligopoly. Kulesi simo, kunamabhizinisi amaningana akhiqiza imikhiqizo efanayo. Bangakwazi ukuthuthukisa isu elifanayo ngokubeka amanani embonini.
• I-monopoly. Lesi sakhiwo semakethe sinikeza ukuba khona komthengisi oyedwa kuphela wemikhiqizo, ephethe ngokugcwele umkhakha.

Izici ze-monopoly

Umbono ovamile uthi ukuncintisana okuphelele kungumphumela wokuhlukanisa, ukwehlukana phakathi kwezifiso zomdayisi nomthengi. Amamodeli amaningi ezomnotho avuma lesi sakhiwo njengesisekelo. Kodwa kungani kuleso simo kwenzeka ukuthi i-monopolization yezimakethe zenzeke? Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lesi simo sezinto sizuzisa kakhulu umenzi. Okokuqala, ukuzimela kwakho kukuvumela ukuba ukwandise inzuzo. Okwesibili, umkhiqizi usetha intengo yemikhiqizo yakhe ngokuzimisela komthamo wokukhipha. Okwesithathu, ezimweni zokuzimela kukhona imigoqo emikhulu yokungena embonini. Umkhiqizi kuphela ongeke asabe ukwanda okusheshayo komncintiswano.

Amafomu

Uma kune-monopolization emakethe, ukuncintisana ngesakhiwo esakhiwe kuyisici esiyisisekelo sokunquma uhlobo lwalo. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zokuzimela :

• Indalo. Kuvela ngezizathu zenhloso yemvelo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukufunwa kwalo mkhiqizo kungcono kunelisekile ngokuqinile. Isizathu singase sibe izici zenqubo yokukhiqiza noma isevisi yamakhasimende. Isibonelo, amagatsha anjalo ahlanganisa ukunikezwa kwamandla, ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi, ukuthutha izitimela.
• Ukuphatha. Leli fomu lokuzimela lidalwe ngokuhlanganyela kombuso. Kuyo, emzimbeni wawo, izibonelelo eziqiniwe eziqinile ekuzibophezelekeni kwemisebenzi ethile embonini. Umnotho we-USSR wawunamandla kakhulu. Amabhizinisi amaningi ayelawulwa yiminyango kanye nezinsizakalo.
• Ukuzimela komnotho kuyindlela ejwayelekile kunazo zonke. Ukubukeka kwalo kuxhumene nesinyathelo somabhizinisi. Isikhundla se-Monopoly emakethe singakhombisa kokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo nokugxila okusheshayo kwezindleko ngokusebenzisa izinzuzo kanye nezinhlangano zokuzithandela.

Imigomo yokwenza imali emakethe

Izakhiwo ezicatshangelwayo zingadalwa ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwezinzuzo zezinye izinkampani zabanye, futhi zingakhiwa ngokwemvelo ezimbonini ezithile. Ungabakha kanye nombuso. Ukwakhiwa kwezimakethe ngezimoto kuyinkqubo phakathi kwazo izizathu ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• Ukukhiqizwa kwempahla ngesinye isiqhingi kuneshibhile kuneziningana. Kulokhu, singakwazi ukukhuluma ngokuzimela komvelo.
• Enye ibhizinisi ngumnikazi wezinsiza ezingavamile kakhulu noma ubuchwepheshe. Isibonelo, inkampani i-Xerox ngesikhathi esisodwa ilawula ngokuphelele inqubo yokwenza amakhophi. Ukwaziswa ngale nqubo kuvikelwe ngamalungelo obunikazi. Lokhu kungukuzimela komnotho.
• Ukunikezwa nguhulumeni emabhizinisini athile elungelo elikhethekile lokuthengisa okuthile okuhle. Kulesi simo, kukhona okuthiwa ukuzithoba kwezokuphatha. Kwamanye amazwe, leli fomu kuphela elivunyelwe umthetho.

Imithombo yamandla okuzimela

Ezimweni zokuncintisana okuphelele, intengo ilingana nenani elilinganiselwe lezindleko ezingaphansi kwamanye amafemu asebenza embonini. It has a monopoly ephakeme. Ngakho-ke, lesi sakhiwo semakethe sibonakala singathandeki kubathengi. Umsizi oyinhloko kulezi zindawo eziyisikhombisa eziyisivimbela ukungena embonini. Bavimbela ukuvela komncintiswano. Phakathi kwabo:

• Izithiyo zezomnotho.
• Imikhawulo yemithetho.
• Izenzo zokuzinikela.

Iqembu lokuqala lihlanganisa inani elikhulu kunazo zonke lezizinyathelo zokuvimbela. Lokhu kuhlanganisa umnotho wesilinganiso. Ubukhulu bezindawo ezizimele bubavumela ukuba banciphise kakhulu izindleko, amafemu ajwayelekile awanakukwazi ukuncintisana nabo ngentengo yemikhiqizo. Ngakho-ke, imisebenzi yabo ayikwazi ukusebenza, ngoba izindleko zezimpahla zabo zikhulu kakhulu.

Esinye isivinini sezomnotho yizidingo zokutshala izimali. Uma kudingeka imishini ebiza ukuqala ukukhiqizwa, lokhu kuzovimbela ukuvela kwabancintisana. I-monopoly ingaba nenzuzo yezobuchwepheshe noma yenza njengomnikazi wemithombo yemvelo edingekayo ukuze kukhishwe izimpahla.

Ngokuphathelene nemingcele yomthetho, leli qembu lihlanganisa amalungelo omnikazi we-intellectual, kufaka phakathi amalungelo obunikazi. Banika igunya elilodwa ilungelo lokukhiqiza izimpahla noma ubuchwepheshe bokukhululwa.

Iqembu lesithathu lemikhawulo libandakanya izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene zokuthatha izinyathelo ezithathwe yi-monopoly ukuze kudambise ukuthuthukiswa komncintiswano embonini. Isibonelo, singabambelela izithakazelo zayo kuhulumeni ngokusebenzisa izinqubo ezehlukene zenkohlakalo.

Ukuzithoba komvelo

Leli fomu lesakhiwo esichazwe emakethe ngokuvamile libhekwa njengehlukile. Lokhu kungenxa yempikiswano mayelana nokusizakala kwayo hhayi kuphela kumuntu ozikholelwa ekuziphenduleleni ngokwakhe, kodwa nakubathengi. Kuyenzeka uma kunenani elikhulu lokusebenza komnotho womphumela. Ukuzimela ngokwemvelo kuyisimo lapho inkampani eyodwa ehlinzeka ngemakethe ngemikhiqizo ngezindleko eziphansi kunalokho okwakungenziwa ngamabhizinisi amaningana. Isibonelo esicacile amanzi namagesi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ukuthi izikhulu zendawo zemvelo azilimazi ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, kudingeka bahlolwe yi-state.

Ebhizinisini lamazwe ngamazwe

Umnotho womhlaba wonke uthonywa kakhulu ngokubambisana kwezwe lomhlaba kanye nakwamanye amazwe. Lezi zinqubo ezimbili zibambe iqhaza lokuthi imakethe yezinsizakalo kanye nezinsizakalo ilawulwa yizinga elizweni jikelele. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezakhiwo ezinjalo:

• Amandla angamazwe angaphandle. Kubo, isibonelo, ungafaka ukukhathazeka kokudla "Nestle" noma amafutha "I-Standard Standard ye-New Jersey". Zombili lezi zinkampani ziyizwe ngokusho kwezimali, ezibekwe imali kubo, kanye nasemhlabeni wonke emisebenzini yabo. Iningi lokukhiqiza kwabo alitholakali ezweni lakubo.
• Amazwe omhlaba wonke. Lolu hlobo lungabhekiselwa ku-trust "Agfa-Gefert", okubandakanya ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo yezithombe zamakhemikhali. Lolu hlobo lokuzimela luyizwe ngamazwe kokubili emkhakheni womsebenzi walo nasenqenqemeni eyabelwe imali.

Izinto zangempela zangempela

Ukwenziwa kwamandla emakethe yaseRashiya kunomsuka womlando. E-USSR, umbuso cishe ulawula ngokuphelele umnotho. Njengoba ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa eRussia, ukufunwa kwemikhiqizo yezimboni zemvelo ezizimele, ngaphandle kokuxhumana, kancane kancane kwehla. Lokhu kwaholela ekukhuphukeni okusheshayo kwamanani kuzo. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zimboni ziyisisekelo, lokhu kwanciphisa amandla emali. Abanye bezomnotho babona imiphumela emibi yokwenza imali emakethe njengento eyinhloko yezinkinga eRussia.