Ukuvuthwa okusebenzayo nezindlela zokuyidala

Ngisho nomuntu ongenasithakazelo esikhala okungenani wabona ifilimu ngokuhamba kwesikhala noma ufunde ngezinto ezinjalo ezincwadini. Cishe kuzo zonke izinto ezinjalo abantu bayahamba bezungeza umkhumbi, balala ngokuvamile, bangabi nezinkinga ngokudla ukudla. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kule mikhumbi - engamanga - kukhona amandla adonsela phansi. Ababukeli abaningi babona lokhu njengento engokwemvelo ngokuphelele, kodwa akunjalo.

Ukuvuthwa kwemvelo

Lona igama loshintsho (kunoma yikuphi ukuqondisa) kokuvuthwa okujwayelekile kithi ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene. Futhi lokhu akukwenzi nje kuphela emisebenzini emnandi, kodwa nakwezinye izimo zasemhlabeni zangempela, okuvamise ukuhlolwa.

Ngokombono, ukudala amandla adonsela phansi akubukeka kunzima kakhulu. Isibonelo, ingabuyekezwa yi-inertia, ngokuqondile, ngamandla we-centrifugal. Isidingo salolu gunya asizange senzeke izolo - kwenzeke ngokushesha, ngokushesha nje lapho umuntu eqala ukuphupha ngezindiza ezindiza isikhathi eside. Ukwakhiwa kwamandla adonsela phansi esikhaleni kuzokwenza kube lula ukugwema ubuningi bezinkinga eziphakama phakathi nokuvezwa isikhathi eside ku-zero gravity. I-cosmonauts yenza buthakathaka imisipha, amathambo ahlala kancane kancane. Ukuhamba kulezi zimo izinyanga, ungathola i-atrophy yemisipha ethile.

Ngakho-ke, kuze kube manje ukudalwa kwamandla adonsela phansi kungumsebenzi wokubaluleka okukhulu, ukuhlolwa kwezulu ngaphandle kwale khono kuyinto engenakwenzeka.

Isibalo

Ngisho nalabo abawaziyo i-physics kuphela ezingeni lekharikhulamu yesikole baqonde ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi ngenye yemithetho eyisisekelo yezwe lethu: zonke izidumbu zithintana nomunye nomunye, zithola ukukhanga / ukugxeka. Ukukhula komzimba, ukuphakamisa amandla ayo okukhanga.

Umhlaba ungenxa yethu yangempela - into inkulu kakhulu. Yingakho zonke izidumbu ezingekho ngaphandle zikhanga kuwo.

Kithina, lokhu kusho ukusheshiswa kokuwa kwamahhala, okuvame ukulinganiswa ngo-g, okulingana no-9.8 wamamitha ngehora lesikwele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma singenaso ukusekelwa ngaphansi kwezinyawo zethu, ngabe sesiwela ngesivinini sikhula ngamamitha angu-9.8 njalo ngomzuzwana.

Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yemandla adonsela phansi singakwazi ukuma, ukuwa, sidle futhi siphuze ngokujwayelekile, siqonde ukuthi kuphi phezulu, lapho phansi khona. Uma ukukhanga kuyanyamalala - sizobe singenasisindo.

Eyaziwa ngokukhethekile ngalokhu kwenzeka yizimboni ezizithola zisesimweni esimweni sokuwa okukhululekile.

Ngokwesayensi, ososayensi bayazi ukuthi bangakha kanjani amandla adonsela phansi. Kunezindlela eziningana.

Ubukhulu obukhulu

Inketho enhle kunazo zonke ukwenza ukuthi isikhala sendawo sikhulu kangangokuthi amandla adonsela phansi avela kuso. Emkhunjini kuyokwazi ukuzwa ukhululekile, ngoba ukuma kwesikhala ngeke kulahleke.

Ngeshwa, le ndlela ayinangqondo ngokuthuthukiswa kwamanje kwezobuchwepheshe. Ukwakha into enjalo kudinga izinsiza eziningi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhulisa kuyofuna inani elingakahle lamandla.

Ukusheshisa

Kubonakala sengathi uma ufuna ukufeza g, ulingana nomhlaba, udinga nje ukunikeza umkhumbi isakhiwo esiphansi (ukufana nesipulatifomu), futhi uwenze uhambisane nomjikelezo wezindiza ngokusheshisa okufisa. Ngale ndlela, amandla adonsela phansi azotholakala, futhi afaneleke.

Nokho, empeleni, konke kunzima kakhulu.

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukucabangela inkinga kawoyela. Ukuze isiteshi sikwazi ukusheshiswa ngaso sonke isikhathi, kubalulekile ukuba unikwe amandla okuphazamiseka kwamandla. Ngisho noma isithuthuthu sivele kungazelelwe, hhayi ukuphonsa indaba, umthetho wokulondoloza amandla uzohlala usebenza.

Inkinga yesibili ngumqondo wukusheshisa njalo. Ngokusho kolwazi lwethu nemithetho engokwenyama, akunakwenzeka ukusheshisa ukuya ezingeni eliphansi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthwa okunjalo akufanelekele ukuqhutshwa kocwaningo, njengoba kufanele kuphuthume njalo - ukuhamba. Akakwazi ukuyeka ukutadisha iplanethi, ngeke aze akwazi ukuhamba kancane nxazonke - kufanele siphuthume.

Ngakho-ke, kuyacaca ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi angakatholakali kithi.

I-Carousel

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ukujikeleza kwe-carousel kuthinta kanjani umzimba. Ngakho-ke idivayisi ye-gravitation yokufakelwa yilo mgomo ibonakala ingokoqobo ngempela.

Konke okusemkhakheni we-carousel, kuvame ukuwa kuwo ngesivinini esilingana nesivinini sokujikeleza. Kuvela ukuthi amandla asebenzayo engxenyeni yezinto ezijikelezayo enza emzimbeni. Kufana kakhulu nomvuthwandaba.

Ngakho-ke, udinga umkhumbi onomumo we-cylindrical. Kulesi simo, kufanele ijikeleze nge-axis yayo. Ngokusobala, amandla adonsela phansi e-space spaceship, adalwe yilo miso, ngokuvamile avame ukuboniswa kumafilimu efilosofi esayensi.

Umkhumbi owenziwe ngomgqomo, ojikelezayo eduze kwe-axis longitudinal, udala amandla e-centrifugal, okuqondiswa kuwo okuhambisana nengqikithi yento. Ukubala ukusheshisa okubangelwayo, kuyadingeka ukwehlukanisa amandla ku-mass.

Ukwazi i-physics abantu bayithola ngeke kube nzima kakhulu: a = ω²R.

Kuleli fomula, umphumela wokubala ukusheshisa, ukuguquguquka kokuqala kuyijubane le-node (kulinganiswa ngenani lama-radians ngomzuzwana), okwesibili yi-radius.

Ngokwalokhu, ukuthola i-g evamile, kubalulekile ukuhlanganisa ngokuphumelelayo i- angular velocity kanye nengqikithi yokuthutha isikhala.

Inkinga efanayo iboniswa kumafilimu anjenge "Intersolah", "iBabiloni 5", "2001: Space Odyssey" nokunye okunjalo. Kuzo zonke lezi zimo, amandla adonsela phansi ahambelana nokusheshisa komhlaba komhlaba.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umqondo omuhle kangakanani, kunzima ukuwuqaphela.

Izinkinga ze-"carousel" indlela

Inkinga ecacile kakhulu ihlanganiswe "Space Odyssey". Umzila we "carrier carrier" ungamamitha angama-8. Ukuze uthole ukusheshisa kwe-9.8, ukujikeleza kufanele kwenzeke ngesivinini cishe ngo-10.5 kuphenduka njalo ngomzuzu.

Ngezilinganiso ezikhonjisiwe, umphumela we "Coriolis" ubonakala, oqukethe ukuthi amandla ahlukile asebenza emabangeni ahlukene ukusuka phansi. Kuxhomeke ngqo kwi-velocity angular.

Kuvela ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi emkhathini azodalwa, kodwa ukuzungeza okusheshayo komzimba kuzoholela ezinkingeni ngezindlebe zangaphakathi. Lokhu, kubangele ukungalingani, izinkinga ngamathuluzi okugqoka kanye nabanye - izinkinga ezifanayo.

Ukuvela kwalesi sithintelo kubonisa ukuthi imodeli enjalo ayiphumelelanga kakhulu.

Ungazama ukuhamba okuphambene nalokho, njengoba benza encwadini ethi "I-World-Ring". Lapha umkhumbi wenziwe ngendlela yokugqoka, indawo engasondelene nayo engxenyeni ye-orbit yethu (cishe izigidi ezingu-150 km). Ngalokhu usayizi, ijubane lokujikeleza kwalo lanele ngokwanele ukungazinaki umphumela weCoriolis.

Singacabanga ukuthi inkinga ixazululwa, kodwa lokhu akunjalo. Iqiniso liwukuthi ukuthengiswa okuphelele kwalolu hlelo oluzungeze i-axis yalo kuthatha izinsuku ezingu-9. Lokhu kwenza kwenzeke ukuthi ucabange ukuthi lo mthwalo uzoba mkhulu kakhulu. Ukuze sisinde ekwakhiweni, kudingekile ukwaziswa okunamandla kakhulu, esingenayo okwamanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkinga ingumumo wokwakha kanye nenqubo yokwakha uqobo.

Emidlalweni yendaba efanako, njengale ifilimu ethi "iBabiloni 5", lezi zinkinga zixazululwe ngandlela-thile: isivinini sokujikeleza siswanele, umphumela weCoriolis awubalulekile, kungenzeka ukudala umkhumbi onjalo.

Kodwa-ke, ngisho nemhlaba enjalo inokulimaza. Igama lakhe yisikhathi somqondo.

Umkhumbi, ojikelezayo nxazonke ze-axis, uphenduka i-gyroscope enkulu. Njengoba kuyaziwa, kunzima kakhulu ukwenza i-gyroscope ihluke ukusuka ku-axis ngenxa yokugxila kwe- angular. Kubalulekile ukuthi ubungakanani bayo abushiyi uhlelo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuyoba nzima kakhulu ukusetha isiqondiso salento. Noma kunjalo, inkinga enjalo ingaxazululwa.

Ukuxazulula izinkinga

Ukuvuthwa okusebenzayo esiteshini sesikhala kuyatholakala uma "i-cylinder ye-O'Neill" isisiza. Ukuze udale lo mklamo, udinga imikhumbi efana ne-cylindrical exhunyiwe eceleni kwe-axis. Kumele bajikeleze ngezindlela ezahlukene. Umphumela wendibano enjalo ingumzuzu we-zero we-pulse, ngakho akufanele kube nzima ukunikeza umkhumbi isiqondiso esibalulekile.

Uma kungenzeka ukwenza umkhumbi ngendawo engaba ngamamitha angaba ngu-500, khona-ke uzosebenza ngendlela efanele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amandla adonsela phansi emkhathini ayobe ekhululekile futhi afanele izindiza ezindala emikhumbi noma eziteshini zokucwaninga.

Izinjini Zesikhala

Indlela yokudala amandla adonsela phansi aziwa kubadali bomdlalo. Kodwa-ke, kuleli zwe elimangalisayo, amandla adonsela phansi akukona ukukhwabanisa komzimba, kodwa amandla afanayo aklanyelwe ukusheshisa izinto kusiqondiso esinikeziwe. Ukukhanga lapha akusilo ngokuphelele, kuyashintsha uma umthombo uqondiswa kabusha.

Ukuvuthwa kwemvelo esikhungweni sesiteshi kudalwa ngokusebenzisa i-generator ekhethekile. Kuyinto efana ne-equidirectional ebangeni le-generator. Ngakho-ke, ezweni langempela, ukushaya umkhumbi lapho i-generator efakwe khona, ungadonsela kulesi sikhwama. Kodwa-ke, emdlalweni leli hero liyowela aze ashiye umjikelezo wedivaysi.

Kuze kube manje, amandla adonsela phansi emkhathini, adalwe yile divayisi, ayitholakali isintu. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nabathuthukisi abathintekayo abangeke baphuphe ngakho.

I-generator esiphezulu

Lena inguqulo engokoqobo yemishini. Uma ifakiwe, amandla adonsela phansi aneziqondiso ku-generator. Lokhu kwenza sikwazi ukudala isiteshi esinamandla amakhulu azolingana neplanethi.

I-Centrifuge

Namuhla, amandla adonsela phansi eMhlabeni akhona kumadivayisi ahlukahlukene. Zisekelwe, ikakhulukazi, kwi-inertia, ngoba leli gunya lizwa ngathi ngokufanayo nethonya elivusa amandla - umzimba awuhlukanisi ukuthi yini ebangela ukusheshisa. Isibonelo: umuntu ogibela ku-elevator, uthinteka yi-inertia. Ngamehlo yesazi-physic: ukuphakamisa i-elevator kwenezela ukusheshisa ekusheshiseni kwekhishi ukusheshisa ukuwa kwamahhala. Lapho i-cockpit ibuyela emnyakeni olinganisiwe, "inzuzo" yesisindo ilahleka, ibuyisela ukuzwa okujwayelekile.

Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi banesithakazelo ekudumeni kwamandla. I-centrifuge isetshenziselwa le njongo kaningi. Le ndlela ayifanele kuphela izakhiwo zemishini, kodwa futhi neziteshi zomhlabathi lapho kudingeka khona ukutadisha umphumela wokuvuthwa komzimba emzimbeni womuntu.

Funda kuMhlaba, faka ku ...

Nakuba ukuthambekela kwamandla adonsela phansi kuqale kusukela emkhathini, kuyisayensi esemhlabeni kakhulu. Ngisho nempumelelo yanamuhla kule nsimu ithole isicelo sabo, isibonelo, emithi. Ukwazi ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukudala amandla adonsela phansi emhlabeni, ungayisebenzisa ukuphatha izinkinga ngamathuluzi okusebenza noma isimiso sezinzwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutadisha kwaleli qembu kubaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni. Lokhu kwenza ukuba izimonononi zenze izivivinyo, zihlale ngaphansi kokuhlolisiswa odokotela. Enye into yokugubha amandla emkhathini, akekho abantu abangasiza abashayeli bemvelo uma kwenzeka isimo esingalindelekile.

Uma ukhumbule ukulingana okugcwele, umuntu akanakucabangela i-satellite endaweni ye-orbit eseduze. Lezi zinto, noma kunjalo, zithinteka ngamandla. Ukuvuthwa kwemvelo, okwakhiwa ezimweni ezinjalo, kubizwa ngokuthi i-microgravity. Ukuvuthwa kwangempela kutholakala kuphela emotweni ehamba ngezinyawo ngesivinini esivamile. Nokho, umzimba womuntu awuzwa lo mthelela.

Ungakwazi ukungabi namandla ngokungena enqeni (ngaphambi kokuba i-dome ivule) noma ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwezindiza. Ukuhlolwa okunjalo kuvame ukufakwa e-US, kodwa ngendiza lokhu kuzwela kuthatha imizuzwana engu-40 kuphela - akuncane kakhulu ukutadisha okugcwele.

E-USSR, emuva ngo-1973, babengazi ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukudala amandla adonsela phansi. Futhi abazange bakwenze nje, kodwa futhi ngenye indlela bashintsha. Isibonelo esicacile sokunciphisa amandla okugwedla amandla ukucwiliswa komzimba, ukucwiliswa. Ukufeza umphumela oyifunayo, kuyadingeka ukuthi ufake ifilimu encane emanzini. Umuntu ubeke phezu kwawo. Ngaphansi kwesisindo somzimba, umzimba ugeleza ngaphansi kwamanzi, kuphela ikhanda elihlala phezu kwalo. Lo mfanekiso ubonisa ukungabi nesekelwa ngokuvuthwa okunciphise, okuyinto ephawulekayo yolwandle.

Asikho isidingo sokungena esikhaleni ukuze uzizwe umphumela wokungabi namandla okungalingani kwamandla - ukungcola. Ngokuqedwa kanye nokufika kwe-spacecraft, ku-centrifuge, ukulayisha ngokweqile akukwazi ukuzwa kuphela, kodwa futhi kufundwe.

Ukwelapha ngamandla adonsela phansi

I-physics ye-gravity ihlola, phakathi kwezinye izinto, umphumela wokungabi namandla emzimbeni womuntu, efuna ukunciphisa imiphumela. Kodwa-ke, inani elikhulu lempumelelo yalesi sayensi lingasiza ezizakhamuzi ezivamile zomhlaba.

Odokotela babeka ithemba elikhulu ekufundeni kokuziphatha kwama-enzyme emisipha ekudleni. Lesi yisifo esibucayi esiholela ekufeni kokuqala.

Ngokuzivocavoca umzimba okusebenzayo, umthamo omkhulu we-enzyme creatinophosphokinase ungena egazini lomuntu onempilo. Isizathu salesi senzakalo asicaci kahle, mhlawumbe umthwalo uthatha isilonda segesi ngendlela "ephazamisa". Iziguli ezine-myopathy zithola umphumela ofanayo ngaphandle kokuzivocavoca. Ukubheka izimonyo kubonisa ukuthi lapho kungekho isisindo, ukungena kwe-enzyme esebenzayo egazini kwehla kakhulu. Lokhu kutholakala kusikisela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kokucwiliswa kuzonciphisa umthelela omubi wezici eziholele ekutshweni kwe-myopathy. Okwamanje, izivivinyo zenziwa ezilwaneni.

Ezinye zezifo ziphathwa kahle namuhla zisebenzisa idatha etholakala ekutadisheni kwamandla adonsela phansi, kuhlanganise nokufakelwa okuthile. Isibonelo, ukwelashwa kwe-cerebral palsy, imivimbo, iParkinson ngokusebenzisa izikhwama zokulayisha. Uqedile ukucwaninga ngemiphumela emihle yenkxaso - isithuthuthu se-pneumatic.

Singabaleka yini ku-Mars?

Ukuphumelela kwamuva kwama-cosmonauts kunika ithemba lokuthi kwenzeke ngempela iphrojekthi. Kukhona isipiliyoni sokusekelwa kwezokwelapha komuntu onokuhlala isikhathi eside kude noMhlaba. Izindiza zocwaningo eziningi eziya eNyangeni zanikeza usizo olukhulu, amandla okuvuthwa okuphindwe kasikhombisa kunomunye wethu. Manje izazi zezinkanyezi kanye nososayensi zibeka umgomo omusha - Mars.

Ngaphambi komgqeni wetikithi ku-Planet Red, kufanele wazi ukuthi yini ilindele umzimba esigabeni sokuqala somsebenzi - emgwaqweni. Ngokwesilinganiso, indlela eya eplanethi yasehlane izothatha unyaka nonyaka - cishe izinsuku ezingu-500. Ukubala emgwaqweni kuzoba namandla abo kuphela, akukho ndawo yokulinda usizo.

Kunezici eziningi ezizokwehlisa amandla: ukucindezeleka, imisebe, ukungabi khona kwensimu yamagnetic. Isivivinyo esibaluleke kunazo zonke emzimbeni ukuguqula amandla adonsela phansi. Endleleni, umuntu "uyazijwayeza" ngamazinga amaningana adonsela phansi. Okokuqala, lokhu kukhululiwe ngesikhathi sokukhipha. Bese-ukungabi namandla ngesikhathi sezindiza. Emva kwalokho - ukukhohlakala endaweni okuyo kuyo, ngoba amandla adonsela phansi ku-Mars angaphansi kwama-40% omhlaba.

Ungabhekana kanjani nomthelela omubi wokungalingani kwendiza ende? Kuthemba ukuthi intuthuko emkhakheni wokudala amandla adonsela phansi azosiza ukuxazulula le nkinga esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Ukuhlolwa kwamagundane okuya eCosmos-936 kubonisa ukuthi le nqubo ayixazulula zonke izinkinga.

OS Okuhlangenwe nakho kuye kwabonisa ukuthi kuyasiza kakhulu ngoba umzimba uyakwazi ukuletha ukusetshenziswa simulators, akwazi ukunquma umthwalo adingekayo ngamunye astronaut ngabanye.

Nakuba kunenkolelo Mars fly hhayi kuphela abacwaningi, kodwa futhi izivakashi abafuna ukusungula ikoloni ku Iplanethi Ebomvu. Kubo, lokungenani ekucaleni, umuzwa wokuba e weightlessness zinkulu izizathu odokotela ngezingozi ukuhlala nokunwetshiwe e mibandela. Nokho, ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa futhi badinga usizo ukuze bakwazi ukuthi kungani kubaluleke kangaka ukuba akwazi ukuthola indlela ukwakhela mkhathi adonsela phansi yokufakelwa.

Imiphumela

Yiziphi iziphetho zingenziwa ngokudalwa gravity yokufakelwa emkhathini?

Phakathi zonke izinketho kubhekwe okwamanje ligijima design ibukeka okungenzeka. Nokho, ngaphansi ukuqonda zamanje wemithetho yemvelo akunakwenzeka, ngoba umkhumbi - lokhu akukona isilinda eziyize. Ngaphakathi kuwo kukhona idlulela ekuvimbela ukuqaliswa imibono.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mkhumbi engaba kumelwe ibe nkulu ngokwanele ukuze umphumela wokugqwayiza akukho nomphumela enkulu.

Ukuze uphathe into enjengaleyo, kuthatha uMbhalo O'Neill okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla, okuzokwenza kungenzeka ukulawula umkhumbi. Kulokhu, amathuba likhuphukele ukusetshenziswa isakhiwo esinjalo ohambweni interplanetary ukuqinisekisa iqembu ezingeni ukhululekile gravity.

Ngaphambi isintu siyokwazi ukuhumusha njalo zenze amaphupho azo ngokoqobo, singathanda ukubona ngemisebenzi eqanjiwe kancane enengqondo kakhudlwana futhi ulwazi olwengeziwe ngokuthi imithetho yesayensi.