Biography of U-Ernesto Che Guevara, ukuphila siqu, amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo. Comandante Che Guevara

U-Ernesto Guevara wazalwa ngoJuni 14, 1927 kwelinye lamadolobha amakhulu kunawo wonke e-Argentina, eRosario. Isiqalo esidumile esithi "Che" sisetshenziswe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi okuningi. Ngosizo lwakhe, ngenkathi ehlala eCuba, i-revolutionary igcizelela umsuka wayo wase-Argentina. "Che" libhekisela ekungeneni. Ezweni lakubo lase-Ernesto, kuyisifiso esidumile.

Ubuntwana kanye nezithakazelo

Ubaba uGuevara wayengumqambi, umama - intombazane evela emndenini wabalimi. Umndeni wathuthela izikhathi eziningana. Umphathi weKholeji ozayo uKe Guevara waphumelela eCordoba, futhi wathola imfundo yakhe ephakeme eBuenos Aires. Le nsizwa yanquma ukuba udokotela. Wayengudokotela ohlinzayo nodokotela wesimeme.

I-biography yokuqala yase-Ernesto Che Guevara ibonisa indlela ubuntu bakhe obungavamile ngayo. Le nsizwa yayingenasithakazelo kuphela kwezokwelapha, kodwa nakubantu abaningi. Umbuthano wokufunda kwakhe wawuhlanganisa imisebenzi yabalobi abadume kakhulu: Verne, Hugo, Dumas, Cervantes, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy. Ukubukwa kwezenhlalakahle ze-revolutionary kwakha imisebenzi kaMarx, Engels, Bakunin, Lenin namanye ama-theorists ase-left-wing.

Iqiniso elingaziwa kakhulu, elihluke ngo-Ernesto Che Guevara - wayazi ulimi lwesiFulentshi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayethanda izinkondlo, wazi ngenhliziyo imisebenzi kaVerneine, uBaudelaire, Lorca. EBolivia, lapho i-revolutionary yabulawa khona, wathwala naye esikhwameni sakhe incwadi enezinkondlo ezizithandayo.

Emigwaqeni yaseMelika

Uhambo lokuqala oluzimele lweGuevara oluvela e-Argentina lubuyele emuva ngo-1950, lapho esebenza isikhathi esithile emkhunjini wezimpahla futhi wavakashela iBritish Guiana naseTrinidad. Ama-Argentinian ayethanda amabhayisikili nama-mopeds. Uhambo olulandelayo lwaluhlanganisa isiChile, iPeru, eColombia naseVenezuela. Kamuva i-biography ye-guerrilla ka-Ernesto Che Guevara izogcwala izinkambo eziningi ezinjalo. Ngesikhathi esemusha, wahamba waya emazweni angomakhelwane ukuze azi kangcono izwe futhi athole ukubonakala okusha.

Umlingani kaGuevara kwenye yezinyawo zakhe wayengudokotela we-Biochemistry u-Alberto Granado. Kanye naye, udokotela wase-Argentina wavakashela i-leprosarium yamazwe aseLatin America. Futhi, lo mbhangqwana wavakashela amanxiwa emadolobheni amaningana aseNdiya yasendulo (lo mpuquko wawuhlale unesithakazelo emlandweni wabantu bomdabu baseNew World). Lapho u-Ernesto eya eColombia, kwaqala impi yombango. Ngokungahleliwe, waze wavakashela eFlorida. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, njengesibonakaliso "sokuthengiswa kwezimpahla", uKe uzoba omunye wabaphikisi abakhulu bokuphathwa kweNdlu eNgcwele.

EGuatemala

Ngo-1953, umholi wesikhathi esizayo we- Revolution yaseCuban, u-Ernesto Che Guevara, ngesikhathi sekhefu phakathi kokuhamba okukhulu okuyinhloko eLatin America, wavikela umbono wakhe owenzelwe ukutadisha imithi. Ukuba udokotela ohlinzayo, le nsizwa yazimisela ukuthuthela eVenezuela futhi isebenze lapho ekoloni yeqhenqa. Kodwa-ke, endleleni eya eCaracas, omunye wabanye abahamba naye waphoqa uGuevara ukuya eGuatemala.

Umhambi wayeseRiphabliki yaseMelika ephakathi kokuhlasela kwebutho laseNicaragua, elihlelwe yi-CIA. Imizi yaseGuatemala ibhomu, futhi umengameli wezenhlalo uJacobbo Arbens wenqaba amandla. Inhloko entsha yezwe uCastillo Armas yayiyi-pro-American futhi yaqala ukuphikisana nabalandeli bezimvo ezivela ezweni.

EGuatemala, i-biography ka-Ernesto Che Guevara yayihlanganiswe ngokuqondile nempi okokuqala. I-Argentinian yasiza abaphikisi bombuso owaqothulwa ukuthutha izikhali, bahlanganyela emlilweni wokucima ngesikhathi kushaywa umoya. Lapho amaSocialists ehluleka ukunqoba, igama likaGuevara lawela ohlwini lwabantu ababekulindeleke ukuba baphoqelelwe. U-Ernesto wakwazi ukubalekela embassy of the native of Argentina, lapho aye ngaphansi ukuvikelwa kwemibhikisho. Ukusuka lapho, ngo-September 1954, wathuthela eMexico City.

Ukukwazi nabaguquleli baseCuban

Enhloko-dolobha yaseMexico, uGuevara wazama ukuthola umsebenzi njengomlobi wezindaba. Wabhala isihloko sokuhlolwa mayelana nemicimbi yaseGuatemalan, kodwa le ndaba ayizange iqhubeke. Kwaphela izinyanga ezimbalwa, i-Argentina yayisebenza njengomthwebuli wezithombe. Wayebe ngumlindi ekwakheni indlu yokushicilela incwadi. Ehlobo lika-1955, u-Ernesto Che Guevara, ophila impilo yakhe yangasese evulekile ngesikhathi esithokozile, washada. EMexico, umakoti ka-Ilda Gadea weza kuye evela ezweni lakubo. Imali ezuzwa ngezikhathi ezithile ayizange neze ibasize umfuduki ukuba azuze izidingo. Ekugcineni, u-Ernesto, ngokuncintisana, wahlala esibhedlela somuzi, lapho aqala khona ukusebenza emnyangweni wezilwane.

Ngo-June 1955 kwafika izinsizwa ezimbili ukubona udokotela uGuevara. Babengabaguquki baseCuban ababezama ukuphanga umbhikisho waseBatista esiqhingini sakhe sasekuqaleni. Eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili, abaphikisi bombuso omdala babehlasele izindlu zeMoncada, ngemva kwalokho bazama futhi bavalelwa ngemuva. Ngosuku olulandelayo, kwaziswa isimemezelo, futhi abaguqukeli baqala ukuthuthela eMexico City. Phakathi nezinkinga zakhe eLatin America, u-Ernesto wahlangana nabantu abaningi baseCuban socialists. Omunye wabangane bakhe bakudala futhi weza kumbona, ecela ukuba ahlanganyele ekuhambeni kwezempi oluzayo esiqhingini saseCaribbean.

Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, i-Argentina yokuqala yahlangana noRaul Castro. Ngisho nalapho udokotela wagqiba ngokuqinile ukuvuma ukuthi ahlanganyele ekuhlaselweni. Ngo-July 1955, umfowabo omkhulu kaRaul wafika eMexico esuka e-United States. UFidel Castro no-Ernesto Che Guevara baba yizinhlamvu eziyinhloko kulolu hlelo olusondelayo. Umhlangano wabo wokuqala waqhutshwa kwelinye lalabo abahlala eCubans. Ngosuku olulandelayo, uGuevara waba ilungu lohambo njengedokotela. Ekhumbula leso sikhathi, kamuva uFidel Castro wavuma ukuthi uChe wawungcono kakhulu kunabalingani baseCuban ekuqondeni imibuzo yezinkolelo nemibono ye-revolution.

Impi ye-Guerrilla

Ukulungiselela ukuhamba ngomkhumbi eCuba, amalungu e-Movement kaJulayi 26 (inhlangano okuthiwa yi-Fidel Castro) abhekene nezinkinga eziningi. U-provocateur wangena ezinkampanini zabavukeli, owazisa iziphathimandla ngomsebenzi osolisayo wezihambi. Ehlobo lika-1956, amaphoyisa aseMexico aqhubekile, ngemuva kwalokho abalimele, kuhlanganise noFidel Castro no-Ernesto Che Guevara, baboshwa. Izibalo zenhlalo nezemasiko eziziwayo zaqala ukufakazela abaphikisana nohulumeni waseBatista. Ngenxa yalokho, abavukeli bezombusazwe bakhululwa. UGuevara wachitha okungaphezu kwama-comrade akhe asele (izinsuku ezingu-57) ngaphansi kokuboshwa, njengoba ebekwe icala lokuwela emngceleni ongemthetho.

Ekugcineni, ithimba lezokuthutha lashiya iMexico laya eCuba emkhunjini. Ukuhamba ngomkhumbi kwenzeka ngoNovemba 25, 1956. Ngaphambili kwakuyimpi ephakathi kwezinyanga eziningana. Ukufika kwabaxhasi bakaCastro esiqhingini kwakunqotshwe umkhumbi. Le nqola, enamadoda angu-82, yayisezinhlathini. Wahlaselwa yizindiza zikahulumeni. Ingxenye yenkambiso yabulawa yi-shelling, kanti abanye abantu ababili baboshwa. Ekugcineni, abaguqukeli babalekela ezintabeni zaseSierra-Maestra. Abalimi bezifundazwe basekela ama-guerrillas, banikeza indawo yokukhosela nokudla. Enye indawo yokucasha ephephile kwakuyimigodi kanye nokudlula okunzima.

Ekuqaleni konyaka ka-1957, abaphikisi bakaBatista bathola ukunqoba kokuqala, babulala amasosha amahlanu kahulumeni. Ngokushesha amanye amalungu esitokisini agula nge-malaria. U-Ernesto Che Guevara wayephakathi kwabo. Impi ye-guerrilla yasenza sajwayela ingozi ebulalayo. Nsuku zonke, abalandeli bebhekene nosongo olulandelayo olubulalayo. U-Che wayebhekene nezifo ezikhohlisayo, ehlala ezikhungweni zabalimi. Ama-comrades ayevame ukubona ukuthi uhlezi kanjani nencwadi noma enye incwadi. I-Diary yaseGuevara yakha kamuva isisekelo sezinkumbulo zakhe zempi yama-guerrilla, eshicilelwe ngemuva kokunqoba kwe-revolution.

Ekupheleni kuka-1957, lezi zihlubuki zase zivele zilawula izintaba zaseSierra Maestra. Lezi zigijimi zajoyina izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezintsha ezakhamuzi zendawo, ezingenelisekile ngombuso weBatista. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uFidel wenza u-Ernesto oyinhloko (umlawuli). U-Che Guevara waqala ukuyala ikholomu ehlukile, equkethe abantu abangu-75. Ngaphansi komhlaba kwakusekelwa ngaphandle. Kwazo ezintabeni zafaka izintatheli zaseMelika, ezikhishwe e-US zibika ngo "Movement ngoJulayi 26".

Umlawuli akagcini nje ekuholeni ukulwa, kodwa futhi waqhuba imisebenzi ye-propaganda. U-Ernesto Che Guevara waba umhleli oyinhloko yephephandaba elithi "Free Cuba". Izinombolo zokuqala zabhalwa ngesandla, abahlubuki bakwazi ukuthola i-hectograph.

Ukunqoba phezu kweBatista

Entwasahlobo ka-1958, kwaqalwa isiteleka esisha sempi yama-guerrilla. Abasekeli baseCastro baqala ukuhamba ezintabeni bese basebenza ezigodini. Ehlobo, uxhumano oluzinzile lwasungulwa namakomomanisi aseCuban emadolobheni, lapho izigameko zaqala khona. Iqembu likaKe Guevara lalibhekene nokulimaza esifundazweni saseLas Villas. Ngemuva kokwenza umzila wamakhilomitha angama-600, ngo-Okthoba leli butho lafinyelela e-Escambray ibanga futhi lavula i-front entsha. KwaBatista, isimo saba sibi nakakhulu: iziphathimandla zase-United States zenqaba ukumnikeza izikhali.

E-Las Villas, lapho amandla e-insurgents ekugcineni asungulwa khona, umthetho wasungulwa ekusetshenzisweni kokuguqulwa kwamapulazi - ukuchithwa kwemigomo yabanikazi bezindlu. Inkambo yokuqothula amasiko amadala asebukhosini kulelizwe yakhanga bonke abalimi abasha emaphakathini. Umsunguli wezinguquko ezithandwayo ngu-Ernesto Che Guevara. Iminyaka yokuphila kwakhe ayichitha emisebenzini yemibono yezenhlalakahle, futhi manje uhlonipha amakhono akhe asemthethweni, izakhamizi ezivame ukubhekana neCuba ngendlela efanele amalungu "eMnyangweni kaJulayi 26" anikezwa ngayo.

Impi yokugcina neyokuqeda impi yayiyimpi yeSanta Clara. Kwaqala ngoDisemba 28 futhi kwaphela ngempumelelo yokuhlubuka ngoJanuwari 1, 1959. Ngemva kwamahora ambalwa emva kokuqothulwa kwamagundane, iBatista washiya eCuba futhi wachitha konke ukuphila kwakhe ekuthumeni okuphoqelelwe. Ukulwa kukaSanta Clara kwakuqondiswe ngqo yiChe Guevara. NgoJanuwari 2, amabutho akhe angena eHaana, lapho abantu abanqobile babelindele khona abaguquki.

Ukuphila okusha

Ngemva kokunqotshwa kweBatista, amaphephandaba emhlabeni wonke abuza ukuthi ngubani uKe Guevara, yini eyenza lo mholi ovukelayo adume futhi yiliphi ikusasa lakhe lezombangazwe? Ngo-February 1959, uhulumeni kaFidel Castro wamemezela isakhamuzi saseCuba. Khona-ke uGuevara waqala ukusebenzisa amasignesha akhethekile athi "Che", lapho ahla khona emlandweni.

Ngaphansi kukahulumeni omusha, owayengumfelandawonye wayekhonza njengomongameli we-National Bank (1959 - 1961) noNgqongqoshe wezezimboni (1961 - 1965). Ehlobo lokuqala emva kokunqoba kwe-revolution, wasebenzisa umhlaba wonke njengomuntu osemthethweni, lapho ahambela khona eGibithe, eSudan, e-India, ePakistan, eCeylon, e-Indonesia, eBurma, eJapane, eMorocco, eSpain naseYugoslavia. Ngo-June 1959, umphathi wesikhashana washada. Umkakhe waba yingxenye ye "Movement ngoJulayi 26" Aleyda March. Izingane u-Ernesto Che Guevara (Aleyda, Camilo, Celia, Ernesto) bazalwa emshadweni nalona wesifazane (ngaphandle kwendodakazi endala ye-Ilda).

Imisebenzi kaHulumeni

Ngentwasahlobo ka-1961, ubuholi base-United States ekugcineni baxabana noCastro baqala ukusebenza eBay of Pigs. Esiqhingini Senkululeko, ukufika kwesitha kwafika. Ngaphambi kokuphela komsebenzi, uKe Guevara wahola amasosha kwelinye sezifundazwe zaseCuba. Uhlelo lweMelika lwahluleka, futhi uhulumeni wezenhlalakahle eHaana wasinda.

Ekwindla Che Guevara yavakashela i-GDR, iCzechoslovakia ne-USSR. ESoviet Union, izikhulu zakhe zasayina izivumelwano ekunikezeni ushukela eCuba. UMoscow uphinde wathembisa usizo lwezezimali nezobuchwepheshe eSikhumulweni Sokukhululeka. U-Ernesto Che Guevara, amaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana nokuthi ingaba yini incwadi ehlukile, ahlanganyele embukisweni wokugubha umkhosi owenzelwe umkhosi we-Revolution ka-Okthoba. Indwendwe yaseCuban yema egumbini le-mausoleum eceleni kuka Nikita Khrushchev namanye amalungu ePolitiki. Kamuva uGuevara wavakashela iSoviet Union izikhathi eziningana.

Njengengqongqoshe, u-Che wahlaziya ngokujulile isimo sakhe sengqondo ngokuqondene nohulumeni bamazwe omphakathi. Wayengenelisekile ngokuthi i-Communist enkulu ithi (ngokuyinhloko i-USSR ne-China) yasungula izimo zabo ezinzima zokuthengiselana ngempahla nabalingani abancane abaxhasiwe, njengeCuba.

Ngo-1965, ngesikhathi evakashela e-Algeria, uGuevara wanikeza inkulumo edumile lapho egxeka khona eMoscow naseBeijing ngenxa yobugqila babo emazweni angamazwe. Lesi siqephu saphinda sibonise ukuthi ubani u-Che Guevara, yini eyayidume futhi yimuphi idumela le mpikiswano. Akazange akhohlise izimiso zakhe, ngisho noma kwakudingeka abhekane nokuphikisana nabalingani bakhe. Esinye isizathu sokunganeliseki komlawuli kwakuwukuthi inqaba yenkampanini yezenhlalakahle ukuba ingenele ngokuzenzekelayo ekuvuseleleni kwesifundazwe.

Ukuthunyelwa e-Afrika

Entwasahlobo ka-1965, uKe Guevara wayeseDemocratic Republic of the Congo. Leli zwe laseCentral Afrika lalibhekene nenkinga yezombusazwe, futhi ehlathini layo, ababhikishi abagqugquzela ukusungulwa kwezenhlalakahle ezweni labo basebenza. I-Comandante yafika eCongo namanye amaCuban ayikhulu. Wasiza ekuhleleni phansi komhlaba, wabelane nabo ngokwabo okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo abawutholile phakathi nempi noBatista.

Nakuba uKe Guevara ebeka wonke amandla akhe enkundleni entsha, ukuhluleka okusha kulindeleke kuzo zonke izinyathelo. Lezi zihlubuki zahlukunyezwa eziningana, kanti ubudlelwane bamaCubans nomholi we-African comrades Kabila kusukela ekuqaleni akuzange kusebenze. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziningana zokuchitha igazi, iziphathimandla zaseCongo, ezenziwa ngabakwaSocialists, zenze ezinye izinto zenzeke futhi zixazulula le mpikiswano. Okunye ukuhlukunyezwa kwalabo abahlubukayo kwaba ukulahlwa kweTanzania ukuba bahlinzekele ngezisekelo ezisemuva. NgoNovemba 1965, uKe Guevara washiya iCongo, engalokothi afinyelele imigomo ebekwa ngaphambi kwezinguquko.

Izinhlelo zekusasa

Ukuhlala e-Afrika kubiza esinye isifo se-malaria. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaselwa kwesifo se-asthma kwalimala, okwahlukana naye kusukela esemncane. Ingxenye yokuqala ka-1966, umphathi wesikhulu owabamba iqhaza eCzechoslovakia, lapho waphathwa khona endaweni yaseSzechoslovakia. Ukuphumula empini, iLatin America yaqhubeka isebenza ekuhleleni izinguquko ezintsha emhlabeni jikelele. Isitatimende sakhe mayelana nesidingo sokwakha "okuningi kweVietnam", lapho ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona ukungqubuzana phakathi kwezinhlelo ezimbili ezinkulu zezepolitiki emhlabeni, kwaziwa kabanzi.

Ehlobo lika-1966 umphathi waphindela eCuba futhi wahola amalungiselelo omkhankaso wokugandelela eBolivia. Njengoba kwenzeka, le mpi yayiyiyokugcina. Ngo-Mashi 1967, uMongameli iBolivia Barrientos wayethuka ukuzwa mayelana nokusebenza ezweni lakhe lama-partisans alahliwe emahlathini aseCuba.

Ukuze ususe "usongo obomvu", osombangazwe waphendukela eWashington ukuthola usizo. E-White House, kunqunywe ukuthi basebenzise amayunithi akhethekile e-CIA ngokumelene nenqola yamaKhongolose. Ngokushesha, phezu kwemizana yesifundazwe eseduze nendawo ababhikishi basebenza ngayo, amaqabunga ahlakazekile emoyeni aqala ukuvela, ewazisa ngomvuzo omkhulu wokubulala uguquko lwaseCuban.

Ukufa

Ngokuphelele, uKe Guevara wachitha izinyanga ezingu-11 eBolivia. Konke lokhu wagcina amarekhodi, okwathi emva kokufa kwakhe ashicilelwe njengencwadi ehlukile. Kancane kancane iziphathimandla zaseBolivia zaqala ukucindezela lezi zihlubuki. Imishini emibili yabhujiswa, ngemva kwalokho umphathi waqhubeka eseqhelile ngokuphelele. Ngo-Okthoba 8, 1967, yena, kanye namaqabane amaningana, azungezwe. Kwabulawa abavukeli ababili. Abaningi balimala, kuhlanganise no-Ernesto Che Guevara. Yeka ukuthi le mpikiswano yafa kanjani, yaqala ukubonga ngenxa yezikhumbuzo zabaningi bokuzibonela.

UGuevara kanye nabangane bakhe bahanjiswe baya edolobhaneni laseLa Higuera, lapho iziboshwa zazikhona endaweni esakhiweni esincane sobumba, esasiyisikole sendawo. Lezi zihlubuki zathunjwa yinhlangano yaseBolivia, eyayiqedile ukuqeqesha ngosuku olulandelayo, ehlelwe abacebisi bezempi, ithunyelwe i-CIA. Uye wenqaba ukuphendula imibuzo yamaphoyisa, wakhuluma kuphela namasosha futhi ngezikhathi ezithile wacela ukubhema.

Ekuseni ngo-October 9, emzaneni inhlokodolobha saseBolivia weza oda ukusayinda wamavukelambuso-Cuban. Ngosuku olufanayo edutshulwa. Umzimba wawuhlukaniswe uyiswa emzini oseduze, lapho isidumbu Guevara yafakwa ukubonisa by izakhamuzi zendawo izintatheli. Umzimba unqanyulwe isandla usebenzisa zeminwe ukuze ngokusemthethweni ukuqinisekisa ukufa abe lihlongandlebe. Izinsalela bangcwatshwa emathuneni imfihlo.

Burial wathola ngo-1997 ngenxa yemizamo izintatheli American. Ngesikhathi esifanayo izinsalela Che kanye nedlanzana labangane bakhe bayiswa Cuba. Kube base ehloniphekayo uzibophezele umhlaba. Mausoleum lapho ungcwatshwe U-Ernesto Che Guevara, etholakala e-Santa Clara - umuzi lapho Comandante wazuza ukunqoba kwakhe okukhulu ngo-1959.