Uyini sifundazwe futhi yini inqubo ukwakheka izifundazwe?

Okwamanje, bambalwa kakhulu abantu abakwazi ukusho ukuthi lesi sifundazwe kusukela division indawo yezwe wenziwa ngendlela ehlukile. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa libhekisela izikhathi Russian Empire, eU.SSR RSFSR.

Izifundazwe kubhekwe amayunithi eliphakeme sesigaba zokuphatha kanye sendawo isimo. Bakhandwa bephume 1708 kuya ku-1929 ngenxa ukwakhiwa isimo absolutist. Lezi amayunithi indawo uphokophelephi ngu kwababusi.

ukuhumusha igama elithi

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo lokho isifundazwe, siphendukela etymology yezwi. Igama elithi "isifundazwe" lisuselwa egameni lesi Latin "GuBeRnAtoR", okusho ukuthi "umbusi." Abangu-lesishiyagalolunye Disemba 1708 uPetru Elikhulu wakhipha isimemezelo ku division of the state ku amayunithi esisha sokuphatha - izifundazwe. Kuze kulo nyaka, uMbuso Russian lalinabashumayeli 166 izifunda. Ngakho, izifundazwe 8 kwamiswa.

Sesivele echazwe ngenhla, yini igama elithi "isifundazwe". Ngokulandelayo, sicabanga umbuzo umlando ukuvela Emayunithi lamasha indawo-zokuphatha kabanzi.

Izinguquko yokuqala kaPetru

Dala izifundazwe senzeka ngokuhambisana isimemezelo imithetho yombusi. I kokuqala line-up kwaba kanje:

1. isifundazwe eMoscow: insimu ka esifundeni Moscow namuhla, izingxenye ezinkulu Tula, uVladimir, Kaluga, Kostroma, Ivanovo futhi Ryazan izifunda.
2. isifundazwe Ingrian (ngemva kweminyaka emibili uqambe kabusha Petersburg). Lalihlanganisa Leningrad yesimanje, Novgorod, Tver, Pskov, Arkhangelsk eningizimu, entshonalanga Vologda, Yaroslavl izifunda kanye Karelia.
3. Archangelgorod Governorate, ezazihlanganisa Arkhangelsk, Murom, Vologda esifundeni, ingxenye Kostroma, Karelia futhi Komi.
4. Njengengxenye esifundazweni Kiev - Little Russia, ibhithi Sifundazwe futhi Sevsk, ingxenye orel, Sifundazwe, Bryansk, Tula, Kaluga, eKursk izifunda.
5. Isifundazwe Smolensk kuhlanganisiwe Smolensk esifundeni zamanje, ingxenye Bryansk, Tverskoj, Kaluga futhi Tula izifunda.
6. isifundazwe Kazan - eVolga futhi Bashkortostan, eVolga-Vyatka, ingxenye Tambov, Penza, Perm, Ivanovo futhi Kostroma izifunda, engxenyeni esenyakatho Dagestan futhi Kalmykia.
7. Azovskaya inalokhu ingxenye Tula, Orlovskaya, Ryazan, eKursk, Sifundazwe, zonke Voronezh, Rostov, Tambov, ingxenye laseKharkov, Lugano, IDonetsk and Penza izifunda.
8. Njengengxenye sifundazwe eSiberia - eSiberia, iningi Urals, Kirov esifundeni futhi ingxenye Republic Komi.

Yini ezithakazelisayo, ekupheleni 1719 kwaba izifundazwe nanye. Lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa yokuthi kukhona zaziphawuleka Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan nasesifundazweni Riga. Ehola iyunithi indawo owayephezu-jikelele, kanye isabelo izifundazwe ngamunye ephethwe Landrat.

Eyesibili division nezokuphatha izifundazwe (kabusha yesibili Petra Velikogo)

I kabusha yesibili senzeka ngo 1719, 29 Meyi. Ngokuhamba yayo esifundazweni lahlukaniswa laba izifundazwe eliholwa Umkhuzi kanye izifundazwe, esikhundleni salokho, zihlukaniswe izifunda ne balawuli uKhomishana zwe. Ngakho, kwakheka izifundazwe 47 ezakha izifundazwe 9, kwasinda Reval (manje Tallinn) kanye Astrakhan (kungukuthi yizinqamu). Izincwadi wesikhathi aningilize ngalokho sifundazwe, futhi yini amandla ke sinikezwe.

Wesithathu kabusha zokuphatha

Yayiyini sifundazwe ngolunye usuku? Phakathi wesithathu kabusha zokuphatha isuswe izifunda kanye izifunda langena futhi. Umphumela waba 250 izifunda of izifundazwe 14. Kwakheka Sifundazwe futhi izifundazwe Novgorod, izifunda waqala ukuba ahole abaholi wesifunda yezikhulu.

Noma kunjalo, izikhulu zendawo ukukalwa ngesikali emandleni obukhosi, ukuze uzizwe sengathi amakhosi ezweni. Isakhiwo sokuphatha kwaba ezinzile isikhathi eside, futhi uma iyunithi emisha ivela ke ngenxa yokufuna indawo. Ekupheleni kuka-October 1775 njengengxenye isimo isiRashiya kwakuwulimi izifundazwe 23, izifundazwe 62, 276 izifunda.

UCatherine Reform Omkhulu

Isinqumo Catherine 7 Novemba 1775 uthi kubalulekile ukuqhuba ukwehlukaniswa iziqephu nezokuphatha isimo. Dala izifundazwe wayeka, futhi izinombolo zabo beye bancipha, esifundazweni zisuswe futhi washintsha isimiso ukwakha izifunda. Isiphetho sendaba kwaba ukuthi County kufanele kube abantu abayizinkulungwane 20-30, futhi esifundazweni -. Abangaba yizinkulungwane 300-400.

Libuye inhloso ekutjhugululweni ukuqinisa amandla ngemva ayehlasela Emelyana Pugacheva. Ababusi nababusi okufakiwe kuze kube kokuqondisa lomshushisi, eliholwa Attorney-General kanye iSigele.

Lwathi luphela wokubusa uCatherine II sika njengoba ingxenye yeRussia kwenzakala 48 governorships, izifundazwe 2, 1 esifundeni kanye Residence Don Cossacks. Zikahulumeni-Jikelele aqokwe Empress, izifunda babebuswa isikhulu izinduna-amaphoyisa. Kuze 1796 ukudalwa governorships entsha kwakubangelwa ukubusa ngo izindawo.

ayisekho kwaphakama umbuzo phakathi ukuthi isifundazwe zomphakathi ezifana, futhi okuyiwona yadalwa. Ukuvela amayunithi esisha sokuphatha azizange engabonwa.

Paul kabusha mina no-Aleksandru mina

izifundazwe Ezemfundo phakathi nokubusa uPawulu mina iphutha ngenxa esikhundleni amagama amayunithi zokuphatha. I izinguquko 1776, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa ukuhlanganiswa: yokubusa ngokusemthethweni yaba izifundazwe, ezindaweni, lapho kwakukhona khona amathuba ukuvukelwa kombuso noma kuhlasela angaphandle, wahlala phezu kwababusi-jikelele phansi.

Ukushayela Control izifundazwe phakathi nokubusa kuka-Alexander angizange ukushintsha, kodwa esikhathini kusuka eminyakeni 1801 kuya 1802, waqeda indawo abuyiselwe.

Cabanga ngalokho iyisifundazwe ngalesi sikhathi. Kufanele kuqashelwe division of amayunithi indawo ngemacembu 2: eYurophu eyayiyingxenye Russia yinhlangano obschegubernskaya (ehlanganisa - 51 esifundazweni), emaphethelweni uhlelo elibukhali Generalgouvernement (izifundazwe 3 kuphela). Kwezinye izindawo - Kuban, Ural, Transbaikal, Don Umbutho, Terek - kwababusi bobabili ataman amabutho Cossack. Ngo 1816 kwakukhona abangu-12 governorships, nge ingxenye izifundazwe 3-5.

Kusukela isifundazwe endaweni

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX yathela 20 ezindaweni - amayunithi zokuphatha kufana izifundazwe. Igama elithi "indawo" Ngokungafani kwezilwandle "isifundazwe" Slavic kweqiniso ubudala futhi lisho "sibe sinezinto" (ubunikazi).

Area zitholakala ezindaweni akhelene kwamanye amazwe, abazange Duma yabo futhi zathikamezeka ezinye izimiso elawula bezempi futhi baba yingxenye yesikwati sika Uhulumeni-Jikelele. It lula apharathasi kahulumeni wasekhaya nokuzithoba anda mathupha umbusi.

Eyokuqala umbusi-jikelele eRussia - AD Menshikov - isihlawulelo ehhovisi 1703

nabaqashwa njengoba 1914

Kuze ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili e-yesifundazwe wendawo iyunithi uhulumeni uye waba nomthelela walo. Kusukela ngo-1907 kuya ku-1910, ngesikhathi Stolypin guqula yafakazela uMkhandlu yezikhulu States.

Uhulumeni wesikhashana uye wagcina lesi division yesifundazwe, kwakufanele ahole nokhomishana wesifundazwe, futhi izifunda - County. Parallel kule, uhlelo abaseSoviet kwakhiwa elalimelene Yesikhashana kaHulumeni.

Nenkathi yamaSoviet

I kokuqala division yesifundazwe wahlala isikhathi esithile emva kwempi ngo-Okthoba 1917, kodwa yasungulwa Ikomiti Eliphethe wesifundazwe. Lokhu nekomidi kuyakhethwa ku ingqungquthela yesifundazwe ye namaSoviet.

Ekupheleni kuka-1918 njengengxenye isimo kwakukhona izifundazwe 78, futhi esikhathini kuze 1920. 25 zazo sezihlanganyela Finland, Poland futhi aseBaltic. Kusukela ngo-1920 kuze kube ngo-1923. kuyo yonke insimu we RSFSR kwakukhona Emayunithi lamasha ezizimele - akha isifunda esisha njalo ngonyaka.

Ukwakheka kushintsha njalo, kodwa ngenxa izinguquko esifundazweni ngokwelusa 1929 zinyamalele ngokuphelele, kwakukhona izindawo nezindawo, futhi, esikhundleni salokho, kufakwe esifundeni, County, imikhandlu ngomzana, ukuba sigcine kuze kube yilolu suku.

Ekuphetheni

Kulesi sihloko siye ohlwini kusiphi isifundazwe babe ensimini ka-Russia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sibuyekeze nemicabango yokuthoma eqakathekileko nomlando ukuvela amayunithi ezahlukene zokuphatha-indawo.