Warsaw kuvukela. SeMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili. indaba

Kwaqala iMpi Yezwe II ngo-1939 futhi yaqedwa 1945. Ngokuhamba lonke sikhathi sokulwa Kushone inqwaba abantu, nakakhulu balimala, abaningi abalahlekile. Ngo inkathi ngxabano ngasinye sasinothisha namaqhawe alo futhi ubuntu impikiswano. Zonke izizwe sokusebenzisana ukulwa wodwa ngoba lakubo zingawuhawukeli izimpilo. It yayiphumula futhi emzabalazweni ePoland. Isici esibalulekile le nkathi kwaba 1944 Warsaw Uprising. On ke zikhona izingxoxo kuze kube yilolu suku. Izimbangela imiphumela lo mcimbi ube nencazelo ehluke kakhulu.

Umlando omfishane pre-impi Poland

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ngo-Poland, kukhona umzabalazo okunzulu amandla. Kuphela kuze 1926 kwaba noshintsho wezoHulumeni 5. Umnotho post-mpi yenziwa enganamandla kakhulu, inani labantu anda ukunganeliseki. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwakukhona Icebo lika J. Pilsudski. Ngenxa yalokho, waba induna yebutho, futhi akhethelwe ukuba nguMengameli Ignatsi Mostsitsky. Empeleni, kuleli zwe ukusungula uhulumeni wobushiqela lempi. Iminyaka eyalandela ePoland yinqubo ukuthuthukiswa. Ngo-1935, ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo omusha, iningi amalungelo idluliselwe umongameli. Futhi ngo-1938 wabona nokonakala LamaKhomanisi.

Germany esebeké phambili eziningi izimfuno Poland, ke kukhawulela ukuzimela ngo-1938. Ngemva ukwaliwa kwawo, 1 Septhemba 1939 , amabutho aseJalimane aqala empini. Kakade 27 Septhemba abahlaseli German langena Warsaw. Ngemva kwesonto capitulated zokugcina Polish ezinkulu Abezempi, futhi insimu yonke Poland ngaphansi umsebenzi. On amazwe matasa amazwe kwakukhona ukunyakaza eziningana eyisihlubuki. Lezi zihlanganisa: Army Ludowa, Ikhaya Army, ahlukahlukene ezimele yabashokobezi ukunyakaza. Yibo labo ihlelwe Warsaw Uprising 1944.

Isikhundla kwezinhloko zamaviyo phambi Warsaw Uprising

Ibutho laseSoviet ngo-1944, ngaphansi koNkulunkulu, wahola okuhlaselayo kuzo zonke izimpi. A amasosha kwezinsuku ezimbalwa bamasha amakhilomitha angaba ngu-600. Fika phambili we abangu cishe nginqume izimpahla. Air force sasingakafiki bathuthele zezindiza eliseduze ngaphambili. Ngokuya ngalolu hlelo, yokukhululwa Warsaw wawuzoqhutshwa phezu ezimbili ezinhlangothini we 1st Front isiBelorussia. Kuze kube ngasekuqaleni kuka-Agasti, amasosha efika Iphandle Warsaw - ePrague. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze uthole ngaphambi 2nd Guards Tank Army. Kungakabiphi, wayeseqhuba ebhekene esiphikisayo sokuhlasela ibutho lamaJalimane, eye wathola amandla abalulekile - ngokuvumelana kweminye imithombo, kwakukhona 5 ukwahlukana armored German. The Army Soviet kwadingeka ngiyeke futhi uqale ukuzivikela. Ezinye izazi-mlando baphikisa ngokuthi okuhlaselayo Soviet kumisiwe ngoba kwalo mcimbi, plus amasosha uphelé 600-ikhilomitha nokujikijela eside. Lamanye ahamba lempi umlando abacwaningi bagomela ngokuthi ubuholi empini ngasendle umuntu Stalin akazange ufisa ukunikeza usizo ukumelana Polish, owaqala Warsaw Uprising ngo-1944.

Ukuqala kwavukelwa

Agasti 1, ngo -dolobha yase-Poland kuvukela waqala. Wahlela sihlubuki wakhe National Army. Emlandweni Warsaw abakhona kanye izinsuku omnyama nomhlophe. Ngumuphi kubo attribute kule nkathi yesikhathi, umbuzo edidayo. Ngemva insimbi kwelinye amasonto aseqalile belwela wenkululeko emzini abahlaseli German. Abahlali yezithunywa zevangeli ngiye ngaphuthelwa kokuqala Warsaw Uprising futhi ekuqaleni babe ngokuphelele ungakakulungeli kuye. Ngesikhashana nje, lezi zihlubuki ephethwe ukuba singangeni ngenkani enkabeni yedolobha futhi ukusungula ngokugcwele ukulawula ke. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le nabasePoland kuhlulekile wasithatha emabhalekisini, esikhumulweni sezindiza kanye amabhuloho main ngaphesheya komfula. Oklemalas amaJalimane waphonsa ukumelana nemimoya abalulekile waxosha izihlubuki ezivela ezindaweni eziningi.

Nakuba emva inombolo ukugqugquzela olwenziwa Army Regional ahlanganiswe kakhulu, ukuze ingalo abantu mbibi. Ngo 34 into enkulu ezikhishwe iziboshwa 383 kusukela ekamu bathunjwa ngesikhathi sesigaba lokuqala 1944 Warsaw Uprising. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi lezi zihlubuki baqala ukudlala. Mangisho ukuthi ngosuku lokuqala kwavukelwa abashokobezi elahlekile fighters mayelana 2,000. abaningi Ngakho babhubha nezakhamuzi. Bona abhikisha emigwaqweni futhi wasekela ukuvukela ngezinga ababengenza ngalo: ngothango, edlulisa lezi zihlubuki ngokusebenzisa imigudu komhlaba, inqobo ukunakekelwa ukuze amasosha alimele. Njengoba bonke laba bantu babengenalo ulwazi ukulwa, babengabokuqala izisulu lokuqala nesikhathi sokuqhuma kwamabhomu nokungabi amabhomu.

A amazwi ambalwa mayelana Army Wendawo

iqembu Military, esebenza ensimini ka Poland ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, kwaba igama Army Wendawo. It wayengaphansi uhulumeni Polish, okuyinto ngo-1939 Elikhulu balifulathela lelo zwe baqhubeka nemisebenzi yabo e-London. Ukumelana AK enwetshiwe ukuba insimu yonke Poland futhi Inhloso yayo eyinhloko silwe abahlali German. amacala ukushayisana yayo nge ibutho laseSoviet ngokuvamile iphutha. Ezinye Ukugxeka AK e Emzamweni wakhe wokuqeda Ukraine amabutho yokushisekela izwe.

Inani elikhulu amasosha e amayunithi yempi aba ngo-1944 - abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-380 .. Ngo oyiyo, ihlukaniswe yaba beguduza - kuhlanganiswe County kanye sifundazwe. Isakhiwo lalinabashumayeli AK ukukhalipha, ukuketula amayunithi. Lapho umsebenzi Warsaw Uprising Wendawo Army kwaba ukuze akhulule lomuzi kusukela amaJalimane kwaze kwaba yilapho kufika ebuthweni lempi laseSoviet.

Little mayelana Warsaw

Warsaw - inhloko-dolobha yombuso wezwe eYurophu okwakusetshenziswa kuwo umlando onothileko ezibuhlungu. Idolobhana has kwaqala endaweni ethile phakathi nekhulu XIII. Kwakukhona enkulu isiphetho kuqala ezinezivikelo eziqinile ensimini ka ikusasa Warsaw. Ngo-1526, ngemva kokufa Prince Mazowiecki muzi ixhunywe ku umbuso basePoland ithole ilungelo zilingana nezinhlobo zonke izindawo. Ekupheleni ekuqaleni XVI XVII eminyaka Warsaw iba inhloko-dolobha yase-Poland. Kwenzeka ngenxa elula isikhundla ezindawo ka edolobheni, kanye ngenxa nje zezombusazwe.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII Warsaw wadlula ekuqaleni yasePrussia. Kukhona wahlala isikhathi esifushane futhi kakade 1807 ngemva kokunqotshwa uNapoleon, ebuthweni lasePrussia kwamiswa Duchy waseWarsaw. Kodwa uye lashabalala ngo-1813. Kwathi emveni kokuba njalo ukunqoba amabutho Russian phezu Napoleon. Yaqala kanjalo-ke umlando omusha kwezintathu yePoland. Kafushane, le nkathi kungenziwa kwachazwa ngokuthi esiteji emzabalazweni ukuzimela. Kodwa lokhu kubhikisha ngo-1830 futhi 1863 yaphela ukunqotshwa ukulahlekelwa yokuzimela ngisho luyakhohlisa e.

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I Poland, ekugcineni, futhi wathola ukuthi sinjani isimo sabo siqu. Yaqala kwesikhathi yentuthuko yezwe lilonke Warsaw ngokukhethekile. Ukwakhiwa amakhaya amasha futhi wonke omakhelwane. Phakathi nale nkathi, ibalazwe Warsaw ikhuphuke kakhulu.

Ngo-1939, izwe kuqala, okuyinto uhlaselwe eJalimane, kwaba Poland. Warsaw abantu abaningi kangangokuthi abane amasonto abarhola umzabalazo ukungalingani ngokumelene abahlaseli, kodwa amabutho ukungalingani, futhi inhloko-dolobha wawa. Cishe ngokuphazima kweso, kwakhiwa umuzi ukuhamba komhlaba ukulwa abahlaseli. Iqoqa amandla akhe, amaProthestani we Ikhaya Army, kanye namakhulu amaningana abantu kusukela Yabantu Army isinqumo ngo-1944 kuya kuvukela.

amaqembu ahlomile

Warsaw District Wendawo Army olunezinombolo amasosha acishe abe ngu-30 000, okuyinto kwaba cishe kabili njengoba amaJalimane. Kodwa izikhali ezinhle amaProthestani cishe wayengekho. Babefanele ngezibhamu 657 kuphela, abanye 47 izibhamu, 2.629 ngezibhamu, 50,000 amabhomu nezibhamu kancane kuka 2500. Ukuze uthole zalelo nani elikhulu zempi kwakukuncane kakhulu. Singasho ukuthi izidlamlilo ze-isinqumo ukulwa ngezandla angenalutho ne abaningi nesandla esinamandla njalo-German.

EJalimane, owaqala ashona ecindezelwa amabutho aseSoviet ke washintsha ingqondo futhi naye ungazibekela umgomo ubambe ekumeleleni Warsaw ngokudonsa for emzini futhi emaphethelweni inani elikhulu izikhali. Ngakho, iqembu German lalinabashumayeli 600 izibhamu self ezinezinjini kanye amathangi, izibhamu mayelana 1158 futhi ezigqulweni, kanye endaweni ethile ayizinkulungwane 52 amasosha.

Ngo Warsaw ngokwayo ne amaProthestani alwa amaphoyisa inkampani:

• Cossacks njengengxenye 69 lo Ibutho;
• Cavalry 3rd Battalion;
• Russian Division 29 SS;
• Muslim ibutho ukuhlukana;
• Ibutho Ukrainian yamaphoyisa;
• Russian Liberation Yabantu Army (Rona) Kaminski;
• ibutho Azerbaijani.

the sezombusazwe

Nakuba ePoland, kwakukhona amakamu amabili aphikisanayo zezombusazwe. Eyokuqala - iKomiti Lublin, okuyinto lamiswa iziphathimandla zaseSoviet emzini Chelm ekupheleni July 1944. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi ngesikhathi sempi le nabasePoland, ezasekela lo hulumeni, kuncike jikelele wamabutho. Ngemva kwempi, ikomidi kwadingeka ukulawula izwe ngokwalo.

Amandla aphikisanayo kwaba izenzo uhulumeni Polish, okuyinto kusukela kuqala impi ayeyifake London. It kubhekwa ngokwayo ematheni igunya elimiswe ngokufanele. Umlando Poland ekutshela kafushane ukuthi lo hulumeni oyinduna Polish mbuso ukunyakaza, kuhlanganise Army Wendawo. Injongo eyinhloko yawo S. Mikolajczyk kwaba ukuze akhulule Warsaw kusukela ekhaya ngaphambi kokufika amandla Soviet, ukuthi kube khona Poland ezimele ngemva kwempi. 1944 kwaba juqu leyo njongo.

Ngamunye emakamu wafuna, eqinisweni, sinye siyafanana - le ukukhululwa kweJalimane. Kodwa uma iKomidi Lublin oboné ikusasa Poland ngaphansi protectorate iSoviet, uhulumeni baseLondon igxile kakhulu eNtshonalanga.

I balwe yama-Jalimane futhi avikele edolobheni elidala

Ngemva amaJalimane oklemalis futhi azowalekelela wathola, waqala emikhulu kanye ukucindezelwa esinonya Warsaw Uprising. Abahlaseli waphonsa ngothango, lapho izihlubuki basize ekwakhiweni yizakhamuzi, amathangi kanye nemishini. Kunokuphishekela abahlaseli baphoqeleka ukuba ahambe abantu ababehlanganisa nezingane futhi ngokwabo yema ngemva kwabo. Indlu lapho abashokobezi okuthiwa igxilile iqhume nge abahlala kuso lapho. Kulinganiselwa wokulungiselela, e ngesonto lokuqala kuvukela, kwashona amasosha ezitha nezakhamuzi mayelana 50,000. Singasho ukuthi ibalazwe Warsaw kwaba izindawo engaphansi kwemibili ikhona, njengoba bawubhubhisa yabo.

Izidlamlilo zaziphonswa neDolobha Elidala, lapho kwakuyibona amandla main. Ngenxa emigwaqweni emincane, ezindlini kanye imigudu nabasePoland alwa ngokuphuthumayo ukuze zonke endlini. Ohlangothini lwaseningizimu bebutho eliqaphile kwaba lombhishobhi, eyathatha amasonto amabili, ngenkathi usebenzisa webhomu sasingawohloki ngokuphelele. Enyakatho kwezinsuku ezingu-10, babe onilwelayo esibhedlela kaNkulunkulu Ian. Krasiński esigodlweni wawusegunjini entshonalanga endaweni ukuzivikela zendawo, eyathatha isikhathi eside, ukuze mayelana 5,000 izihlubuki usebenzisa amavesi komhlaba esigodlweni, bathuthela kwamanye izifunda waseWarsaw.

Agasti 28, ngokuthatha balwe ezinjalo, cishe zonke empini yabashokobezi esifundeni elidala kwabhujiswa. amasosha alimele amaJalimane okwalapha echotshozwa amathangi. Futhi labo bathunjwa, kwehla abalisa abangaba ngu 2,000, sibulawe futhi zishiswe. Septhemba 2 Idolobha elidala sokuzivikela ukuyiveza ngokuphelele.

Aviasnabzhenie

Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kuqale lokho kuvukela, uhulumeni Polish ucele usizo amaProthestani isikhali kunesidingo. Ngakho, ekuqaleni kuka-August izindiza British eyenziwa nokuhlasela eziningana. Inani enkulu izindiza baqothulwa bahlaseli, ezinye zabuyela base. ezimbalwa kuphela abathutha ephethwe undize uye Warsaw futhi ulahlekelwe isisindo. Ngenxa ephakeme we izinhlamvu bawela-Jalimane, nenani elincane kuphela elihlanganyela ababhikishi ufinyelelwe. A nomthelela obalulekile isimo ayengakwenza Akunakwenzeka.

US Air Force ebuzwa izinduna imvume eSoviet Union umhlaba izindiza zabo eU.SSR ukunikezela obengeziwe nabasePoland. Isicelo sinqatshelwe. Izizathu zokwenqaba, iqembu ngalinye zahumusha. Stalin lamemezela ukuthi Warsaw kokubhikisha kwango - kuyinto gembula, futhi akafuni ukuba nanoma iyiphi ingxenye kuwo.

zezindiza lamaSoviet laqala izihlubuki asekelayo endaweni ethile 13 Septhemba. Ngenxa ukukhululwa nezinhlamvu usuka phezulu ongaphakeme, ukuphumelela usizo olunjalo bekulokhu zibaluleke ngaphezu Anglo-American. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izindiza Soviet wenza engaphezu kwekhulu nokuhlasela phezu Warsaw.

Isigaba phakathi kwavukelwa

Septhemba 9 Bor-Komorowski kwenza umzamo wokuqala ukuxoxisana amaJalimane sokunikela. Labo ekuphenduleni athembisa cabanga Wendawo Army amasosha neziboshwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amabutho aseSoviet ukwenza okuhlaselayo, ngenxa lapho amaJalimane kwadingeka ukuhoxisa ngaphesheya Vistula, watshisa amabhuloho emva kwabo. Ethemba ukuthi uzothola inhlonipho kusengaphambili okunye of butho le nabasePoland namanje zenqaba ukuzinikela futhi uqhubeke kuvukela kwabo ahlomile. Kodwa ngo-September 14 amasosha aseSoviet wayeka futhi. Ngakho, lelo tulo e ukuvinjelwa ephelele futhi inani elilinganiselwe ezitolo uqale fade.

Ukuze lezi zihlubuki e-maphakathi no-September zase zihleliwe ezindaweni ezimbalwa kuphela. Beqalaza edolobheni kwakukhona ababethanda i-yileyo naleyo ndlu futhi zonke isiqephu sezwe. Ingxenye Polish yebutho Uzame ukuphoqelela River Vistula, okuholela engaba mihlanu Battalion wakwazi ukuthola. Ngeshwa, imishini namathuluzi zehlulekile ukudlulisela, ngakho-ke kwaba uhlobo gembula. Septhemba 23 amabutho esitha anamandla waphonsa lezi izingcezu emuva. amasosha Polish ukulahlekelwa zaba cishe 4000 bomlilo. Ngemva kwalokho, amabutho ala lezi izingxenye zimakwe yiSoviet umyalo imiklomelo ngomzabalazo nobuqhawe.

Ukunqotshwa futhi Zinikeleni

Kwesobunxele ngaphandle ukwesekwa wamelana amaProthestani ngeke kuthathe isikhathi. Kusukela ngo-September 24, amasosha aseJalimane lahlasela Mokotow, okwakubekelwa kuvikelwa izinsuku ezintathu kuphela. Septhemba 30 abahlaseli wahlasela isikhungo lokugcina ukumelana kule Żoliborz. Bor-Komorowski Okthoba 1 wayala sekubekwe phansi izikhali, bese kuthi ngakusasa wathola imigomo umaluju, okuyinto cishe ngokushesha lalephuliwe abahlaseli German. Yaphela kanjalo-ke i-Warsaw kuvukela.

Phakathi ukulwa, ibutho labavukeli ka nabasePoland elahlekile amasosha acishe abe ngu-20,000, 15,000 isiboshwa ngaphezulu athathwa. zezibhamu labantu ukulahlekelwa ngokusho kombiko ahlukahlukene esukela abantu abavela 150 000 kuya ku-200 000. Ngisho 700.000 nabasePoland babexoshwa Warsaw. ukulahlekelwa German zazimi kanje: 17 000 abantu abashona, 5,000 abalimele, futhi amathangi 300. It nawo wabhujiswa izimoto abangamakhulu amaningana futhi kweshumi izibhamu ezimbili. Ukukhululwa Warsaw ufika izinyanga ezintathu nesigamu nje - Januwari 17, 1945. Kuso sonke lesi sikhathi kuze kube emnyango amabutho aseSoviet amaJalimane ehlelekile wabhubhisa ifa zomlando namasiko we dolobha Poland. Futhi abahlali waxosha abazihlelele emakamu okuhlushwa nokufukuziswa eJalimane.

Warsaw kuvukela nazo zonke ubumbaxambili izinguqulo ezahlukene ingenye izenzakalo ebanga usizi kunazo zonke seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili futhi esinzima abantu Polish. Impatho enonya yangenza yama-Jalimane ngesikhathi nokucindezela ukumelana sekudlule yonke imingcele. German Empire, wawungathi eduze kokuphela, wanquma ukuthatha it out on the nabasePoland, esesula Warsaw kusukela ebusweni bomhlaba, kanye inqwaba yezakhamuzi zawo. Ngeshwa, osopolitiki sina futhi abantu banamandla, bakucabange nge izimpilo zabantu abavamile, okuningi Bole imibono yabo. Yilowo enjalo inkathi yomlando, efana Warsaw kuvukela, uBaba ayakumthumela egameni lami esintwini ukuxoxisana nomunye futhi sikujabulele ukuphila okunokuthula.