Ukubusa kukaCatherine 2

Ukubusa kukaCatherine II eRussia (1762 - 1796) yisikhathi sokushintsha okukhulu kanye nezenzakalo ezibalulekile ekuphileni kwabantu.

Umphathi waseRussia ozayo, no-Sofya August Fredrika Anhalt-Zerbstskaya kuqala wafika eRussia ngo-1745 isimemo sika-Elizabeth. Ngonyaka ofanayo watshata noMkhulu uDuke Peter Fedorovich (Peter 3). Ukungathandeki komyeni wakhe nokugula kuka-Elizabeth kwaholela esimweni lapho kususwe isongo sokuxoshwa kwakhe eRussia. Ngokuthembela kwiGoli leGoldards, ngo-1762 wenza ukukhishwa kwegazi futhi waba umbusi. Ezimweni ezinjalo ukubusa kukaCatherine II kwaqala.

Ummeli wenza imisebenzi eguquguqukayo, ezama ukuqinisa amandla akhe. Ngo-1767, wabiza iKhomishini ukuthi ibhale ikhodi entsha. Kodwa-ke, inhlangano yabamengameli, ingavumelani noCatherine futhi yachithwa

Ngo-1763, ukuze kuthuthukiswe uhlelo lokuphatha, wabamba izinguquko zenhlangano. E-Senate kuneminyango eyisithupha futhi walahlekelwa ilungelo lokuhoxisa izixhobo zombuso, ngokuba yiyona inhlangano ephakeme kakhulu yokwahlulela nokuphatha. I-Berg-Collegium, iMantshi Eyinhloko kanye ne-Manufactory-College babuyiselwe. Ukugxilwa kwezwe kanye nokuphathwa kwamandla kwakuhambisana nokuhamba okunamandla. Ukuxazulula ubunzima bezezimali ngo-1763-1764 UCatherine uqhuba ukusatshalaliswa kwamazwe esonto (ukuwadlulisela emzimbeni wezwe), okwakwenza ukuba kugcwalise umnotho futhi ugxeke abefundisi njengamandla amakhulu ezombangazwe.

Ukubusa kukaCatherine II kwakungelula. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe, ukuvukela kukaPugachev kwenzeka. Impi yamazwe ka-1773-1775 yabonisa ukuthi lolu ungqimba lomphakathi alusekeli. Futhi uCatherine uzimisele ukuqinisa umbuso we-absolutist, ukuthembela kuphela kubahloniphekile.

"Izinhlamvu ezichaziwe" ezihloniphekile nasemadolobheni (1785) zayala ukuthi umphakathi uhlelwe kanjani, ngokusho ngokucacile ukuvalwa kwezizinda: abahlonishwayo, abefundisi, abathengisi, i-philistinism nama-serfs. Ukuthembela kwalokhu okuqhubekayo kwanda njalo, kudala izimo zokuhlaselwa "iminyaka yobuhle yegolide".

Ekubuseni kukaCatherine ucwaningo lwama-feudal lwafinyelela kuma-apogee alo eRussia. Ummeli akazange afune ukushintsha izisekelo zokuphila komphakathi. Ngokusekelwe emisebenzini yombuso we-serf, ukusekelwa kwesihlalo sobukhosi kwabahloniphekile abahloniphekile kanye nomuzi ohlakaniphile ubusa konke, lokhu kwakuwukuphila kwezwe phakathi nalesi sikhathi. Izinqubomgomo zasemakhaya nezangaphandle zenziwa kuphela ngokuqondene nesimo sezwe. Indlela yokwakhiwa kwamakhosi yayiyizici zezifundazwe (Lesser Russia, Livonia naseFinland), futhi ukwandiswa kwabuye kwafika eCrimea, eMbusweni wasePoland, eNyakatho Caucasus, lapho izinkinga zezwe seziqalile ukukhula. Ngo-1764 i-Hetmanate e-Ukraine yachithwa, uMbusi-Jikelele kanye noMongameli weBhodi yeMororos bamiswa ukuba bayilawule.

Ngo-1775, ukuguqulwa kwabaphathi kwaqala. Esikhundleni sezifundazwe ezingu-23, kwakhiwa ama-50 amasha. I-Treasury Chamber yalawula imboni, i-Order - izikhungo zomphakathi (izibhedlela kanye nezikole), izinkantolo zihlukaniswe nokuphathwa. Uhlelo lokubusa izwe lwaba yinto efanayo, luqondana nabaphathi, amakholeji aphakathi, ababusi futhi, ekugcineni, umbusi.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukubusa kukaCatherine II nakho ukuphakama kwenkululeko. Kodwa uma ngaphansi kuka-Elizabethe lo mkhuba awuzange ulethe umonakalo obonakalayo embusweni, manje ukusabalalisa kabanzi kwamasimu wombuso nama- serfs kumakhosikazi asempumalanga baqala ukubangela ukunganeliseki.

I-absolutism ekhanyisiwe kaCatherine yisikhathi sokuqaliswa kwemibono yezinkolelo zenhlalo nezombangazwe zekhulu le-18, ngokusho ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi kufanele kuqhubekele kanjani ngendlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kwenkosi ekhanyiselwe futhi ethandekayo, esasizwa izafilosofi.

Imiphumela yokubusa kukaCatherine II ibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseRussia. Insimu kahulumeni iye yanda kakhulu, izimali zezimali zemali eziphindwe kabili, futhi inani labantu lakhula ngo-75%. Noma kunjalo, i-absolutism ekhanyisiwe ixazululwe zonke izinkinga eziphuthumayo futhi ayikwazanga.