Ukubalwa kwabantu kuka labantu of the Empire, Russian ngo-1897. Kubalwa kokuqala jikelele

Russian Empire Census (1897) wayengeyena ngqa eRussia. Kuyaziwa ukuthi yokubala abantu ngabanye wenza njalo ensimini ka principalities isiRashiya, khans, Kaganates, ukuze ubone ukuthi ingakanani imali ingatholakala labantu insimu inikezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, izazi-mlando batholé ukuthi isikhathi yokubala abantu sikaPeter Okokuqala ukunquma ezibalweni ezigcwele zabantu babo Russian Empire (ngesikhathi) ezingeni labantu abayizigidi ezingu-nantathu. Phakathi ukuqedwa serfdom futhi 1917 eRussia senziwa kungathi izingalo ezingamakhulu amabili akhawunti imicimbi emadolobheni ahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise izifundazwe Livonia, Courland futhi Estland amarekhodi capitation zabantu abahlala lapho sekwenziwe.

Imiphumela yokubalwa kwabantu isikhathi cishe 90 amavolumu

Ukubalwa kwabantu kuka labantu of the Empire, Russian ngo-1897 yahunyushwa ngo 1874. Ikakhulukazi, kule minyaka emibili ngaphambi akhawunti sezenzakalo eziphathelene nemisebenzi kwezibalo Russian yayivinjelwe, elihlobene ne ukuthola idatha kusuka labantu. Ngo-June 1895 we-Tsar uNicholas II ngemvume isimemezelo lapho kunqunywa ukuthi labantu elatholakala kufanele kube ukunquma ukwakheka, isayizi nokusatshalaliswa labantu, kuhlanganise zonke izakhamuzi Russian nabezizwe. Ukuze afeze lezo zenzakalo ezimangalisayo emikhulu yabelwe ruble ayizigidi ezingu-7. Futhi imiphumela baye baqoqa futhi ishicilelwe ngokuqondile kuphela ngo-1905, cishe ayisishiyagalolunye amavolumu.

Ngaphansi koMbuso Russian wakhuluma eyikhulu namashumi izilimi

Russian Empire Census (1897) yathola ukuthi zonke isibalo sabantu ezweni lonke labantu cishe ngo-125 640 000, futhi kuyo izilimi zabo Russian kwezigidi ezingu 55,6, Little Russian - 22 million, Belarus - 5.8 izigidi ezingu Njengengxenye umbuso. ngenkathi kuhlanganisiwe emazweni Polish ke ulimi olukhulunywa izakhamuzi eziyizigidi ezingu-7,9, kanti baseMoldova futhi Romanian - abantu abayizigidi ezingu-1.21. Hebrew ngesikhathi esetshenziswa abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu 5,06 izakhamuzi. Kakhulu encane anda izilimi, ejwayelekile ngaleso sikhathi e-Russia kuhlanganisiwe: Spanish isi-Portuguese - 138, i-Dutch - 335 izikhulumi, kanye wamaHindu, Kisti, Lezgin, Chuvan, Afghanistan.

Russian Empire Census (1897) wabonisa ukuthi eRussia siphile abathwali izilimi zakwamanye amazwe ezifana Chinese - izinkulungwane zabantu 57, amaJapane - izinkulungwane zabantu 2.6 kuphela, isiKorea - abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-26 ...... kwaba eningi ukukhuluma ngesiJalimane - Armenia mayelana 1.7 million - abantu abayizigidi ezingu-1.17. Isisindo iqembu babethwele ngolimi lwesiTatar - abayizigidi ezingu 3,73, Bashkir - abantu abayizigidi ezingu-1.31, i-Kyrgyz -. Abangaba izigidi ezingu-4 abantu.

izincwadi zomlando kona isikhundla ososayensi ngokuqondene umsuka ngolimi oluthile ngesikhathi okungukuthi idatha zanamuhla ngezinye izikhathi ayilungile. Ngokwesibonelo, ngolimi yakut ihlobene Turkish-Tatar lwesigodi. Zonke eMbusweni Russian ngaleso sikhathi, kwakunabamemezeli abangaphezu kwekhulu izilimi ezifakiwe ngokusemthethweni zezigodi ababe zimila labantu kusifunda esinikeziwe. ulimi System, futhi ngalezo zinsuku, futhi namuhla isiRashiya, okuvumela abantu bona sizwisisane, ngenkathi sigcina ungubani yabo.

Ukufunda nokubhala kwaba njalo yesihlanu kuphela

Kubalwa kokuqala jikelele Russian Empire (1897) eyenziwa ababhali abaqeqeshiwe, owathola indondo ngokubamba iqhaza sehlo. Enza umsebenzi omkhulu ngokugcwalisa ingqikithi million amathathu imibuzo, njengoba abalimi abaningi babengafundile noma abangakwazi ukufunda nokubhala ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Futhi leli nani kubonakala izibalo - ngaleso sikhathi e-Russia nguye kuphela ukufunda nokubhala kubantu amahlanu, kuyilapho phakathi kwabantu iphesenti "abafunde" kwaba ngu-30%, kanti phakathi kwabesifazane - amaphesenti angaba ngu-13 kuphela ngonyaka. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi umbuzo mayelana igama lomkakhe phakathi abalimi, abaningi waphendula ukuthi umkakhe bona kungathiwa uyisiphingi a "uyintombazane."

Abathengisi were ncanyana than abapristi

Ngokusho ukubalwa kwabantu of the Russian Empire (1897), iningi labantu babehlala emaphandleni (mayelana 87 amaphesenti) wenza isigaba abalimi (77 per cent yato tonkhe takhamuti kukhululwe). Okulandelayo ngobukhulu babe abavamile - mayelana 11 amaphesenti, "njengabafokazi" - mayelana 6.5 amaphesenti, Cossack - amaphesenti angu-2,3. Abantu of the Empire, Russian ngaleso sikhathi eyingoduso ikakhulukazi kuleyo ezweni kutshalwa, azithengiswa. Abathengisi bebefanele 0.2 per cent, owawungumnyaka esingaphansi ukuthi oyedwa kubefundisi abathathu (isigamu amaphesenti) nabakhulu (uhhafu amaphesenti). Futhi ohlwini kufakwe abanye abantu - 0.4 per cent.

Ukuyisa imvume edingekayo yokukhipha usizi

Russian Empire Census (1897) bathola ukuthi lapho eRussia lezwakala umlinyana-ongaswele, lapho Burgers beliyincwadi abadayisi encane, ababazi, izakhamizi ezisemadolobheni, eyayinawo iningi impahla emizini, sasingabantwana bentela main. Ngesikhathi lokubalwa kwabantu kuleli kilasi lungekho ngaphansi kuhlawuliswa, okwakukhona esebenza kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. AmaFilisti besesikhundleni sabo emphakathini babe ngaphansana abathengisi, bathi emzini othize (edolobheni ncwadi ezimfushane). Ukushiya esikhundleni sakhe yokuhlala Umthengisi babe nesikhathi ipasipoti yesikhashana futhi bathuthele yini kwenye indawo - kuphela kwemvume iziphathimandla. Mhlawumbe, ngalezo zinsuku, lapho travel eRussia lezwakala kungenzeka kuphela ngokusebenzisa imicikilisho bureaucratic, wabeka ukuhamba ongaphakeme sabantu yesimanje.

Phakathi abathengisi nabakhulu

Imaphi amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo wawusanamathele indaba kithi? Russian Empire Census (1897) sabhala ukuthi umphakathi Russian ziye okuthiwa "izakhamuzi uhloniphekile", okuyinto eyabangela 0.3% abantu sebebonke. Kwakuyisenzo esasibonisa ekilasini Lesisemkhatsini phakathi gentry esihle abathengisi, esangenza ukuvikela ngokumelene Ukungena 'segazi yizicukuthwane "kuqala futhi ukuhlangabezana izifiso zomuntu siqu lakamuva. yisakhamuzi Honorary, kanye kwamadoda asebukhosini, kungaba siqu, futhi esidluliselwa ngofuzo. Siqu yisakhamuzi ohloniphekile enwetshiwe kuphela esiphathiswa lesi sihloko, nomkakhe, kuyilapho ngofuzo, ngokulandelana, wozalo luka umnikazi isihloko.

Ngalezo zinsuku, kwakukhona amakholwa kakhudlwana futhi amasonto kuka manje

Russian Empire Census (1897) wabonisa ukuthi inkolo main kwaba-Orthodox ukuthi luqhutshwa cishe amaphesenti angu-70 abantu bakhona basonta. Okwesibili kuphela amaKristu ke babe amaSulumane - cishe 11.1 amaphesenti, abalandeli iSonto LamaRoma Katolika akagcinanga - ecishe per cent, futhi 4.2 wamaphesenti labantu ngalinye babengamaJuda. abantu Russian ke abazinikele kakhulu, ngokuqondene okuyinto yayakhiwe inqwaba ezikhungweni zenkolo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Russia ngesikhathi we utho lwesikhala kwakukhona amasonto cishe 65,000 lama-Orthodox, kuyilapho yesimanje Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia has 29-30 izinkulungwane amasonto, kuhlanganise nalezo eBelarus, aseBaltic States, e-Ukraine futhi abanye.

megacities

Ayini amaqiniso wembula elinye yokubala abantu (1897)? Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo asivumela ukuba uthole ukuthi yini eRussia ayehlaselwa ke nemizana ezinkulu. Inhloko-dolobha ye isimo ngesikhathi (eMoscow, eSt Petersburg) kwaba megacities. Kwakukhona abangaphezu kuka-1.2 million. I "idolobhakazi" lalezi ngobukhulu kwaba eMoscow - abantu abayizigidi ezingu-1,038. Okuningi kwengxenye yesigidi abantu ababehlala Warsaw (683 ayizinkulungwane.), Ngaleso sikhathi eyayiyingxenye ye-Russian Empire (insimu koMbuso Poland). Ngaphezu okungenhla, kumephu yezwe ngaleso sikhathi kwaba ngu-40 emadolobheni elinabantu abantu abangaphezu kuka-50 000.

Yinzuzo ngokuqondile izazi-mlando zanamuhla yilezi ngokwabo imibuzo, lapho ulwazi ngqangi kubonakala. Kulezi, eyodwa bangafunda okuningi. Nokho, iningi amaphepha libhujisiwe, futhi thina abaneliswa idatha kusetshenzwe.