Fridrih Rattsel nemibono yakhe eyinhloko

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, Fridrih Rattsel wabusa yesehlakalo ezindawo eJalimane. Okokuqala, wayehileleka ngesayensi yemvelo, kanye nesayensi Zomhlaba isibe isixhumanisi phakathi kwabo isifundo somuntu. Wathola iziqu kwakhe ngokuphila kwezilwane, yokuma komhlaba kanye anatomy ukuqhathanisa, futhi waba anthropogeography umsunguli.

Rattsel Fridrih: Biography

Wazalelwa 1844, Ratzel wafundiswa emayunivesithi ambalwa German at. Ngo-1872 wahambela e-Italy, nase-United States futhi Mexico e 1874-75, ngokulandelana. Ngaya eMpumalanga Yurophu basebenza amayunivesithi Munich and Leipzig. On owayephila ngesikhathi Darwin futhi wathonywa kakhulu nangabanye imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ratzel ukusebenzisa imiqondo le umphakathi wesintu. Phambi kwakhe, isisekelo lwesifundo ehlelekile wabeka Alexander von Humboldt, zesifunda - Carl Ritter. Paschel futhi Richthofen evezwe izimiso eziyisisekelo ngesifundo esihleliwe izici kule planethi yethu.

Fridrih Rattsel lokuqala kuqhathaniswa ukuphila izizwe ezihlukahlukene kanti kukhona abantu, futhi ngaleyo ndlela, kwasho ukuqala ucwaningo ehlelekile emkhakheni lwesifundo kwezenhlalo noma kwezomnotho. Wayephethe isithakazelo esijulile ezithunyweni izizwe, izinhlanga nezizwe, ngemva nophenyo ensimini owaqamba igama elithi "anthropogeography", echaza ke njengoba isiqondiso eyinhloko ekutadisheni Earth. Ratzel bebeye geography Ritter sika, ukukucaza kube anthropological nezombusazwe.

Lodumo atholwe yakhe theory organic isimo (noma ephilayo isikhala lebensraum), lapho kuqhathaniswa kuso ukuvela eziphilayo.

Patriot Germany

Ratzel, isazi izithakazelo ucwaningo ahlukahlukene, kwaba Patriot okuqina. Ekuqaleni le Franco-Prussian War of 1870, wahlanganyela kwababusi bempi Prussian futhi ukulwa walimala kabili. Ngemva ubunye German ngo-1871, wazinikela ukutadisha yokuphila yama-Jalimane ababehlala kwamanye amazwe. Ukuze wenze lokhu, wahambela eHungary eTransylvania. Waya kulokho ayekuthunyiwe, ukushumayela, futhi ngo-1872, ngemva kokuwela Alps, wavakashela e-Italy.

Imisebenzi eMelika

Eminyakeni 1874-75 Fridrih Rattsel uhambo e-United States futhi eMexico, ngaleyo ndlela ekwandiseni Ububanzi yocwaningo lwalo. E-US, wafundiswa ezomnotho, senhlalo kanye Indawo abantu bomdabu nezinhlanga, ikakhulukazi ukuphila kwabomdabu baseNdiya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wamonyuka ekucwaningeni abamnyama kanye Chinese abahlala engxenyeni ephakathi ye-United States, i-Midwest naseCalifornia. Ocwaningweni lwakhe, wazama ukwakha ezinye imiqondo jikelele eziphathelene regularities womhlaba kubangelwe contact phakathi kwala maqembu ngobudlova uyanda futhi emuva zabantu.

Fridrih Rattsel: anthropogeography

Ngo-1875, ngemva kokuqeda izifundo e-US kanye eMexico, wabuyela eJalimane, ngo-1876 wamiswa njengombonisi onguprofesa University of Leipzig. Ngo-1878 futhi ngo-1880 wanyathelisa izincwadi ezimbili-Nyakatfo Melika, ezihlobene geography yayo ngokomzimba kanye namasiko.

Incwadi, lapho isazi-German waziwa emhlabeni wonke, yaqedwa phakathi iminyaka 1872 futhi 1899. Fridrih Rattsel wemiqondo eyisisekelo wahosha kusukela ukuhlaziywa yethonya izici ezihlukahlukene ngokomzimba isimo sezwe kanye indlela abantu baphile. Umqulu wokuqala "anthropogeography" ukulitadisha ubuhlobo phakathi komuntu kanye umhlaba, kanti eyesibili - ekutadisheni nethonya layo imvelo. umsebenzi Ratzel kwakusekelwe umqondo ukuthi yizenzo zomuntu kunqunywa imvelo yayo ngokomzimba. Kuleli phephandaba umbhali uhlola geography womuntu ngokuya abantu nezinhlanga. Ngokusho kwakhe, lo umphakathi awukwazi izohlala imisiwe emoyeni. Ngemva kwalokho, kwaqeda ezinye Determinism theory zakhe bethi abantu abathintekayo in the game imvelo, futhi imvelo unguphathina, engeyona inceku umsebenzi womuntu.

Ratzel Darwin isicelo nomqondo umphakathi wesintu. Lesi siqhathaniso kusikisela ukuthi amaqembu abantu kudingeke uzabalaze ukuze ukuqhubeka ephila ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ezifana ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni. Lendlelanchubo yakhiwe ngokuthi "imfundiso kaDarwin yezenhlalakahle." Ratzel kwaba ifilosofi eyisisekelo "kusinda ezinamandla" imvelo ngokomzimba.

inkulumo-ze impi

Ngo-1890 ngenkuthalo wakhuthaza ekuthatheni ezindaweni German phesheya futhi ukwakha lasolwandle balo bayakwazi inselele eBrithani. imibono yakhe uzwakalise nomthelela nokuhleleka kwezindawo emzabalazweni kaDarwin ukhona. Ngokuhambisana "imithetho" ukukhula indawo ukuze baphumelele, isimo kufanele zandiswa futhi "amafomu ephakeme impucuko kufanele lanwetshwa at bangakunaki ukuphila aphansi." Le mithetho yayivela okuthiwa zemvelo, banikezwe ubunye yamuva Germany, inter-State umbango eYurophu (General Schlieffen kwase kakade athuthukile uhlelo ukuba bahlasele France) kuyanda kwemibuso (Afrika lahlukaniswa engqungqutheleni Berlin eminyakeni 1884-85). Kubukeka Ratzel waphendula izimangalo indawo yezwe. Ngemva GEOPOLITICS Okokuqala kweMpi Yezwe German kokufa kwakhe futhi elulama anthropogeography imibono ukwanelisa izifiso zabo siqu futhi, ngenxa yalokho, imisebenzi zakhe zalahlwa ososayensi waseBrithani nowaseMelika.

Ilungelo isikhala ophilayo

Ngo-1897, Fridrih Rattsel wabhala "geography zezombusazwe", lapho kuqhathaniswa isimo nge umzimba. Ososayensi siwumsebenzi, njengabantu abathile eziphilayo elula kufanele noma ukhule noma afe, futhi ayisoze ame. Fridriha Rattselya umbono 'lokuphila isikhala "ikhiqize impikiswano mayelana izinhlanga aphakeme nabaphansi, ethi nasemazweni athuthukile Unelungelo ukwandisa insimu yalo (" isikhala ephilayo ") ngezithukuthuku omakhelwane kancane athuthukile. Wachaza imibono yakhe, ethi ukwelulwa isimo kwemingcele yayo ngezithukuthuku ababuthakathaka kuveza amandla alo angaphakathi. Ayanda isinqumo abantu isizwe sika emuva, ukwenza isidingo esingokwemvelo. Ngakho, Fridrih Rattsel, ogama GEOPOLITICS wanqoba eJalimane namathathu banesifo esibi, kuye kwaba nomthelela kokugqashuka kwempi yezwe yesibili.

Izigaba yentuthuko yomphakathi

Ukuxoxa ithonya imvelo ngokomzimba komuntu, anthropogeography German wagomela ukuthi umphakathi wabantu iye yathuthuka ngezigaba. Lezo zinyathelo yilezi:

• ukuzingela nokudoba;
• hoe isiko;
• tillage;
• ukulima okuxubile lapho ezolimo kanye isilwane ukunakekela kukhona okuxubile;
• unmixed isilwane ukunakekela;
• kwezitshalo.

nokho, yena wathi asikho isidingo sokuthi yonke imiphakathi udabula izigaba efanayo kwezomnotho.

Ubunye Phakathi Kokuhlukahluka

Ngalezo zinsuku, njengoba sekube nesicelo ukwanda okukhulu elwazini nasemininingwaneni; idatha kufika inqwaba kusuka emakhoneni ezahlukene zomhlaba. esifundeni ngasinye libhekene siqu imvelo eziphathekayo ngezindlela ezahlukene zokukhiqiza kanye ukuphila izitayela. Ratzel wazama ukwakha 'ubunye ayisisekelo ukwehluka ".

Usosayensi German oboné lokuzalwa ingxoxo mayelana dichotomy phakathi geography ngokomzimba kanye nezenhlalakahle. Izazi ezifana Dzhordzh Dzherald, wayekholelwa ukuthi le isayensi iphatha ekutadisheni umhlaba uwonke ngaphandle kukhulunywa umuntu. Babekholelwa ukuthi imithetho ngqo angasethwa kuphela uma umuntu ayifakiwe ngoba ukuziphatha kwakhe akuqinisekile kakhulu. Ratzel esebeké phambili iphuzu olukhulu buka, bememezela geography ngokomzimba kwendawo yesayensi, lapho umuntu iyincenye lebalulekile. Wafaka phambili isimiso ubumbano ekwehlukaneni, ethi ezihlukahlukene zezemvelo umuntu esifanelana njalo, ngakho ukuqonda ngokuphelele ukuthi imvilophi ezindawo Zomhlaba kuyadingeka synthesize ezihlukahlukene zemvelo kanye namasiko.

Kufinyeta, singasho ukuthi umsebenzi Ratzel bazala, ikakhulukazi uma ucabangela lemali bakha mpikiswano bokusungula nhlangothi zombili Atlantic. Outlook usosayensi ngokusebenzisa ukufundisa nokucwaninga ikhono lakhe linqobe amashumi eminyaka.