Iyini iparadim in psychological and sociology?

Umqondo we "paradigm" waqala ukungena kwifilosofi yesayensi yi-positivist G. Bergman, kodwa waziwa kabanzi ngemva kokushicilelwa kwemisebenzi yesayensi nefilosofi kaT. Kuhn. Uhlongoze umbono wakhe mayelana nokuguqulwa kwesayensi njengendlela yokuguqulwa kwesigcawu - amanye amacebo okuqala kanye nezinhlelo ezithinta isayensi esikhathini esithile somlando. Ngakho yimuphi umqondo wesayensi? Leli gama lisho ubuqotho obukhulu bezinkolelo zesayensi, izindinganiso nezindlela zokucwaninga ezamukelwa umphakathi wesayense.

Umbono wezinqondo ngomqondo we "paradigm". Ukuthola izindlela ezahlukene

Njengoba isetshenziselwa isayensi ye-psyche kanye namaphethini okubonakaliswa kwayo, izindlela ezintathu zakhiwe ngokuphathelene nempendulo yombuzo: "Iyini ipharagrafu ekucwaningweni kwengqondo?".

Indlela yokuqala ukuthi le sayansi yemvelo yindawo engaphambili yokufunda, ngoba isayensi yesayensi ayikakhulumi.

Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwesigaba sesibili, i-psychology ibhekwa njengesayensi yezinto eziningi, ngoba isungule amaphuzu amaningana - i-psychoanalytic, yokuziphatha, isintu, i-cognitivistic nabanye.

Indlela yesithathu ibonakala ukuthi i-psychology ibhekwa njengesayensi eyengeziwe yesayensi, ngoba umqondo we "paradigm" ngokuvamile awunakwenzeka kule ndawo.

Imiqondo yokusiza abantu kanye nezemvelo-zesayensi kwengqondo

Usosayensi owaziwayo waseJalimane u-V. Dilthey uhlukanisa ingqondo yezokwelapha ngokuchazwayo, ethandwa kakhulu ezindleleni zezesayensi eziqondile, futhi echazayo noma eqondayo. Lo mbono wezinhlobo ezimbili zesayensi ufanele kuze kube yilolu suku.

Izindlela nezindlela zokuqashelwa kwengqondo yomuntu zixoxwa ngenkuthalo kwengqondo, futhi le nkinga ayinaso isisombululo esingenasici. Echaza lesi simo, uBr. Bratus wabhala ukuthi isazi sezengqondo ngokuvamile kufanele sizwe, ikakhulukazi kubamele abathintekayo besayensi, ukuthi ukucabanga kwengqondo akuyona isayensi, ngoba ayinayo imithetho eqondile, izindlela zesayensi ezisemthethweni zokuphenya. Kodwa-ke, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokushesha nje lapho izazi zengqondo ziqala ukuhileleka ezindleleni zezinqubo zokuchaza izinqubo zengqondo, zama ukucaciswa ngendlela ecacile, isimangalo sesivele sesivela ebantwini - sithi, ingqondo yomuntu iyinkimbinkimbi kangangokuthi ayikwazi ukwakha. Isimo esifanayo esingazibona encwadini yesayensi ngokwayo.

Abaphikisi bendlela yokusosayensi njengesibonelo kubangela ukuphathwa kwengqondo. Njengoba i-Kizhi edumile yayakhiwa ngaphandle kwesipikili esisodwa, ngakho-ke ukwakha isimo sengqondo se-psychoanalytic kwesikhala sengqondo kwakhiwa ngaphandle kwesibalo esisodwa sembalo. Izingxoxo zabaxhasi balezi zindlela ziyaqhubeka nanamuhla.

Umqondo wepharasi emphakathini

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi i- paradigm ikuphi emphakathini, umuntu kufanele azi ukuthi isimo ngokuphathelene nomqondo we "paradigm" kule sayensi kufana nalokhu okuchazwe ngenhla. Njengoba emiphakathini yezenhlalakahle kunezinkolelo eziningana eziyisisekelo, ngakho-ke, njengengqondo ye-psychology, ingabhekiswa "kwisayensi" ephindaphindiwe, okungukuthi, kusiyalo sesayense esinamapayipi amaningi. Ukuhlola isimo sayo samanje, isazi sezenhlalo esaziwayo G.V. U-Osipov uphawula izinhlelo eziningi eziyisisekelo ezisekelwe emibonweni eyaziwayo ka-E. Durkheim, K. Marx, B. Skinner, M. Weber.

Impendulo ehlukile embuzweni othi: "Iyini iparadim?" Ingatholakala ezincwadini zangaphandle zezenhlalo. Isibonelo, u-E. Giddens njengepharadigm uhlola imibono yesayensi ka K. Marx, O. Comte, E. Durkheim, M. Weber. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, asikwazi ukukhuluma ngenani elikhulu lama-paradigms emphakathini, kodwa kuphela ngamabili - ajwayelekile kanye nesimanje. Abaningi bezenhlalakahle zangaphandle bathi ngokuphathelene nokushintsha okusheshayo kwenkathi yamanje, akusakwazi ukuchaza izinqubo zomphakathi ngosizo lwama-science ezakhiwe emasikweni eminyaka edlule. Ngakho-ke, i-paradigm entsha yezenhlalo kufanele ithathe indawo yesithombe senhlalakahle eyenziwe yibo, imibono yabo emphakathini.