I-R & D i ...

Indima yesayensi inkulu kakhulu emphakathini wanamuhla ngoba inquma ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi kanye nokwethulwa kwemiphumela yentuthuko yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe emkhakheni wezezimali kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke kwabantu. I-R & D, iyini? Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwezinhlamvu zokuqala zezimiso ezithile zomnotho. I-R & D yisifinyezo esitshengisa ucwaningo lwesayensi kanye nomsebenzi wokuthuthukiswa, okuqondwa njengesiqoqo semisebenzi ehlose ukuvela kolwazi olusha kanye nokusebenza kwabo ekusebenzeni nasekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe obusha noma umkhiqizo.

Inani elikhulu lezinhlangano ezahlukene lihlobene no-R & D. Lezi zikhungo ezihlukene zokucwaninga kanye neziqephu zayo, izigaba zokuhlola, ama-officeaus yokuklama nokukhiqizwa kokuhlola.

I-R & D iyinkimbinkimbi yezindleko zemali. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe, kudinga izinsiza eziningi zezezimali kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo, kanye neziqu eziphakeme kakhulu zabasebenzi ngakho-ke ngesilinganiso esingathi sína simelwe emazweni asathuthukile kuphela.

ESoviet Union kunakekelwa kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni umsebenzi wezocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa. Ngekhulu le-90 leminyaka lama-20, abasebenzi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili zesayensi babesebenza kule mboni. Ngaphezu kwezingu-70% zezentuthuko zesayensi kanye nocwaningo eSoviet Union zenzeka eRussian Federation. Isayensi e-USSR yayihlanganisa imikhakha emithathu: umkhakha, eyunivesithi kanye neyezemfundo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, umkhakha wezezimboni wasungulwa, lapho okwakhiwa khona ucwaningo lwezempi-izimboni kanye nama-office bureaus.

Ukuxhaswa kwesayensi kwenkathi yeSoviet kwenziwa ngokuyinhloko kusuka kwisabelomali sesifundazwe, esanciphise kakhulu eminyakeni yama-1990, okwaholela ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwezinga lokucwaninga nokuthuthukiswa. Inani labacwaningi eRussia ngo-2002 lancipha izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu-2 uma kuqhathaniswa no-1990, futhi lalinganiselwa kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-420. Izisebenzi eziningi ezivela kwisayensi yesayensi zishintsha ukusebenza kwezinye amasebe "ezentengiselwano": imisebenzi yesikweletu nemali, ukuhweba, njll. Omunye ochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe kakhulu washiya ukusebenza kwamanye amazwe.

Izinhlangano zokucwaninga nezokuklama, ezazisendleleni, zawela esimweni esinzima kakhulu. Isidingo sokwenza ucwaningo nentuthuko ensimini sincane kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, kukhona ucwaningo olukhulu nentuthuko eMoscow, esifundeni saseMoscow (50% yazo zonke izinto ezenzekayo) naseSt. Petersburg (10% yazo zonke izinto ezenzekayo).

I-R & D eRussia okwamanje ibhekana nezikhathi ezinzima - inani labasebenzi abacwaninga nokuthuthukiswa liyancipha. Noma kunjalo, iRussian Federation isenani lesihlanu emhlabeni jikelele ngenani labasebenzi abasebenza kwiR & D kanye nenani labacwaningi

I-R & D isakhiwo esibiza kakhulu, futhi uhulumeni ngokuyinhloko ucwaninga ucwaningo lwesayensi nokuthuthukiswa, ngakho-ke ukunciphisa inani lemali eyabelwe i-R & D kuchazwa ngokumane - isimo "sisindisa" kwisayensi. Kodwa "umnotho" onjalo uholela ekubuyiseleni kwezwe emnothweni. Ngeshwa, ibhizinisi langasese alixhunyiwe ekuxhasweni kocwaningo lwesayensi. Esinye isizathu sokwenyuka okubukhali ekusetshenzisweni kweR & D kungukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwempi, kuhlanganise nokucwaninga kwezempi nokuthuthukiswa, okwakubandakanya ingxenye enkulu yeR & D esikhathini sobuSoviet.

Ezweni lanamuhla zomnotho omkhulu ngaphandle kwesayensi evulekile yasekhaya, ezogxila ekuthuthukisweni kwayo okuthuthukile, okungenani kwezinye izindawo eziyinhloko, ayikho impumelelo ekuthuthukiseni izwe, ngakho-ke i-Concept 2020 inyuke ekukhuleni nasezindleko zocwaningo ngo-2020 kuya ku-3% .